a fix-mapped linear address is a constant linear address like 0xffffc000 whose corresponding
physical address does not have to be the linear address minus 0xc000000.
The identity mapping of the first megabytes of physical memory (8 MB in our example) built by the startup_32( ) function is required to complete the initialization phase of the kernel. When this mapping is no longer necessary, [color=Red]the kernel clears the corresponding page table entries [/color]by invoking the zap_low_mappings( ) function.