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我们在刚开始写Linux设备驱动程序的时候,很多时候都是利用mknod命令手动创建设备节点,实际上Linux内核为我们提供了一组函数,可以用来在模块加载的时候自动在/dev目录下创建相应设备节点,并在卸载模块时删除该节点,当然前提条件是用户空间移植了udev。
内核中定义了struct class结构体,顾名思义,一个struct class结构体类型变量对应一个类,内核同时提供了class_create(…)函数,可以用它来创建一个类,这个类存放于sysfs下面,一旦创建好了这个类,再调用device_create(…)函数来在/dev目录下创建相应的设备节点。这样,加载模块的时候,用户空间中的udev会自动响应device_create(…)函数,去/sysfs下寻找对应的类从而创建设备节点。
注意,在2.6较早的内核版本中,device_create(…)函数名称不同,是class_device_create(…),所以在新的内核中编译以前的模块程序有时会报错,就是因为函数名称不同,而且里面的参数设置也有一些变化。
struct class和device_create(…) 以及device_create(…)都定义在/include/linux/device.h中,使用的时候一定要包含这个头文件,否则编译器会报错。
在2.6.26.6内核版本中,struct class定义在头文件include/linux/device.h中:
/*
* device classes
*/
struct class {
const char *name;
struct module *owner;
nbsp;struct kset subsys;
struct list_head devices;
struct list_head interfaces;
struct kset class_dirs;
struct semaphore sem; /* locks children, devices, interfaces */
struct class_attribute *class_attrs;
struct device_attribute *dev_attrs;
int (*dev_uevent)(struct device *dev, struct kobj_uevent_env *env);
void (*class_release)(struct class *class);
void (*dev_release)(struct device *dev);
int (*suspend)(struct device *dev, pm_message_t state);
int (*resume)(struct device *dev);
};
class_create(…)在/drivers/base/class.c中实现:
/*
* class_create - create a struct class structure
* @owner: pointer to the module that is to "own" this struct class
* @name: pointer to a string for the name of this class.
*
* This is used to create a struct class pointer that can then be used
* in calls to device_create().
*
* Note, the pointer created here is to be destroyed when finished by
* making a call to class_destroy().
*/
struct class *class_create(struct module *owner, const char *name)
{
struct class *cls;
int retval;
cls = kzalloc(sizeof(*cls), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!cls) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto error;
}
cls->name = name;
cls->owner = owner;
cls->class_release = class_create_release;
retval = class_register(cls);
if (retval)
goto error;
return cls;
error:
kfree(cls);
return ERR_PTR(retval);
}
第一个参数指定类的所有者是哪个模块,第二个参数指定类名。
在class.c中,还定义了class_destroy(…)函数,用于在模块卸载时删除类。
device_create(…)函数在/drivers/base/core.c中实现:
/*
* device_create - creates a device and registers it with sysfs
* @class: pointer to the struct class that this device should be registered to
* @parent: pointer to the parent struct device of this new device, if any
* @devt: the dev_t for the char device to be added
* @fmt: string for the device's name
*
* This can be used by char device classes. A struct device
* will be created in sysfs, registered to the specified class.
*
* A "dev" file will be created, showing the dev_t for the device, if
* the dev_t is not 0,0.
* If a pointer to a parent struct device is passed in, the newly created
* struct device will be a child of that device in sysfs.
* The pointer to the struct device will be returned from the call.
* Any further sysfs files that might be required can be created using this
* pointer.
*
* Note: the struct class passed to this must have previously
* been created with a call to class_create().
*/
struct device *device_create(struct class *class, struct device *parent,
dev_t devt, const char *fmt, ...)
{
va_list vargs;
struct device *dev;
va_start(vargs, fmt);
dev = device_create_vargs(class, parent, devt, NULL, fmt, vargs);
va_end(vargs);
return dev;
}
第一个参数指定所要创建的设备所从属的类,第二个参数是这个设备的父设备,如果没有就指定为NULL,第三个参数是设备号,第四个参数是设备名称,第五个参数是从设备号。
下面以一个简单字符设备驱动来展示如何使用这几个函数
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
MODULE_LICENSE ("GPL");
int hello_major = 555;
int hello_minor = 0;
int number_of_devices = 1;
struct cdev cdev;
dev_t dev = 0;
struct file_operations hello_fops = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE
};
static void char_reg_setup_cdev (void)
{
int error, devno = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
cdev_init (&cdev, &hello_fops);
cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
cdev.ops = &hello_fops;
error = cdev_add (&cdev, devno , 1);
if (error)
printk (KERN_NOTICE "Error %d adding char_reg_setup_cdev", error);
}
struct class *my_class;
static int __init hello_2_init (void)
{
int result;
dev = MKDEV (hello_major, hello_minor);
result = register_chrdev_region (dev, number_of_devices, "hello");
if (result下面是我写的LED简单驱动代码,Arm平台(lpc3250)如下实现功能:
1>把代码编译后,添加到内核模块使LED灭10秒,然后亮10秒
2>在/dev目录自动挂载LED设备节点,可以“Echo "1" >/dev/led”控制LED
3>再实现在开机自动运行,自动添加到内核中。当然是修改启动代码实现的。
4>最后我编译进内核中,下面我先把代码贴出来。
DE>/**
* @:0xf4028004和0xf4028008是GPIO端口3输出与输出寄存器虚拟地址
* 地址是我直接算出来的,可以用io_p2v()函数实现
* @: __raw_writel()向地址写数据
* @: class_create()创建总线,class_destroy()删除
* @: device_create()创建设备节点,device_destroy()删除
*/
#include linux/init.h>
#include linux/module.h>
#include linux/moduleparam.h>
#include linux/kernel.h>
#include linux/fs.h>
#include linux/init.h>
#include linux/module.h>
#include linux/moduleparam.h>
#include linux/kernel.h>
#include linux/fs.h>
#include linux/cdev.h>
#include linux/errno.h>
#include linux/device.h>
#include linux/miscdevice.h>
#include linux/platform_device.h>
#include linux/types.h>
#include linux/io.h>
#include linux/delay.h>
#include linux/irq.h>
#include linux/interrupt.h>
#include asm/uaccess.h>
#include mach/irq.h>
#include asm/io.h>
#include asm/pgtable.h>
#include asm/page.h>
#include mach/hardware.h>
#include mach/platform.h>
#include mach/lpc32xx_gpio.h>
#define DEVNAME "LED"
#define LED_MAJOR 251
#define P3_SET ((volatile unsigned int) 0xf4028004)
#define P3_CLR ((volatile unsigned int) 0xf4028008)
struct led_dev
{
struct cdev cdev;
unsigned int value;
};
struct led_dev *led_dev;
int led_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
struct led_dev *dev;
dev = container_of(inode->i_cdev, struct led_dev, cdev);
filp->private_data = dev;
try_module_get(THIS_MODULE);
return 0;
}
int led_release(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp)
{
module_put(THIS_MODULE);
return 0;
}
static int led_write(struct file *filp, const char __user *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct led_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
if(copy_from_user(&(dev->value), buf , 1))
{
return -EFAULT;
}
if(dev->value == 1)
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_SET);
else
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_CLR);
return 1;
}
int led_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *filp, unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
{
struct led_dev *dev = filp->private_data;
switch (cmd)
{
case 0:
dev->value = 0;
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_CLR);
break;
case 1:
dev->value = 1;
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_SET);
break;
default :
dev->value = 1;
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_SET);
break;
}
return 0;
}
struct file_operations led_fops =
{
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.write = led_write,
.ioctl = led_ioctl,
.open = led_open,
.release = led_release,
};
static void led_setup_cdev(struct led_dev *dev, int index)
{
int err, devno = MKDEV(LED_MAJOR, 0);
cdev_init(&dev->cdev, &led_fops);
dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
dev->cdev.ops = &led_fops;
err = cdev_add(&dev->cdev, devno, 1);
if(err)
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Error adding LED");
}
struct class *led_class;
static int __init led_init(void)
{
int i,result;
dev_t dev = MKDEV(LED_MAJOR, 0);
result = register_chrdev_region(dev, 1, DEVNAME);
if(result 0)
return result;
led_dev = kmalloc(sizeof(struct led_dev), GFP_KERNEL);
if(!led_dev)
{
result = ~ENOMEM;
goto fail;
}
memset(led_dev, 0, sizeof(struct led_dev));
led_setup_cdev(led_dev, 0);
led_class = class_create(THIS_MODULE, "led_class");
device_create(led_class, NULL, MKDEV(LED_MAJOR, 0), "LED","LED%d", 0);
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_SET);
for(i = 0; i 5; i++)
{
msleep(1000);
}
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_CLR);
for(i = 0; i 10; i++)
{
msleep(1000);
}
__raw_writel(1 5, P3_SET);
return 0;
fail:
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, 1);
return result;
}
static void __exit led_exit(void)
{
cdev_del(&led_dev->cdev);
device_destroy(led_class, MKDEV(LED_MAJOR, 0));
class_destroy(led_class);
kfree(led_dev);
unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(LED_MAJOR, 0), 1);
}
module_init(led_init);
module_exit(led_exit);
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");DE>
内核模块在开机自动添加到内核中:
在/etc/rc.d/rc.local文件中,添加插入内核模块的命令就行了
insmod led.ko
内核模块编译进内核中,下面以LED驱动为例子:
第一:将您写的led.c 文档添加到/driver/mtd/maps/ 目录下。
第二:修改/driver/mtd/maps目录下的kconfig文档:
config MTD_LED
tristate “LED driver"
第三:修改该目录下makefile文档。
添加如下内容:obj-$(CONFIG_MTD_LED) += led.o
然后make menuconfig,在device drivers该选项下面找到LED驱动模块,选中M直接编译成内核模块。
本文来自ChinaUnix博客,如果查看原文请点:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u3/110728/showart_2156077.html |
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