Android has an interesting command called dumpsys to dump some system information. Even described on adb manual I think that some points should be reinforced. In order to get the complete status just run (will produce a large output):
adb shell dumpsys
Also you can apply filters to running services:
adb shell dumpsys wifi
adb shell dumpsys cpuinfo
I suggest you try other items on the list above and be creative using all the power of Unix pipes. Example, to get all memory allocated by each process you can do something like: