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[学习求职] 学习笔记 [复制链接]

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发表于 2008-07-11 21:09 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
这是我看191redbook第三遍的时候做的手记,放在这里大家提提意见!
(Created by workaholic )
第一部分、系统启动问题
cfgmgr :  configures devices and optionally installs device software into the system
last   :  display all the previous logins and logoffs that still have entries in /var/adm/wtmp file
uptime :  show how long the system has been up
要在maintenance mode作 installing new or updated software and running diagnostic checks
alog : trace the boot process and find out if sht went wrong,alog命令调用rc.boot脚本将启动信息导入/var/adm/ras/bootlog中
# alog -L 显示定义在alog Database中的logs
# alog -o -t 显示启动日志
cfgmgr命令:
在系统启动阶段,cfgmgr命令配置对使用系统必须的所有设备
系统启动包括两个阶段:
阶段一:  cfgmgr –f  一旦系统启动就不能运行了
阶段二:  cfgmgr –s ( second boot phase for normal boot )
阶段三:  cfgmgr –p ( second boot phase for service boot )
# cfgmgr –i  /usr/sys/inst.images 该命令尝试自动安装设备的软件 FOR 新检测到的设备
-I 选项指定安装的媒质在哪里
在此处有一个seq field ,该field 是一个整数指定了优先权,值越小,优先级越高,0的优先级最低,1的优先级最高
# cfgmgr –l scsi0 ( 配置检测到的连接到SCSI0适配卡的设备 )
-
如果你想查找root用户什么时候logged on and off from the console
# last root console
如果你想决定系统上次shutdown是什么时候
# last shutdown
为了显示一个启动列表
# bootlist –m normal –o
如果你想改变你的启动列表
# bootlist –m normal fd0 hdisk0 cd0
注意:加到bootlist的每一个设备必须处于Avalable的状态
如果你怀疑你的系统被shutdown或restarted,你可以使用uptime命令去查明,uptime命令显示系统已经运行了多长时间
# mpcfg –df   To find out what the status is of your diagnostic flags
# mpcfg –cf 11 1 如果你想Fast IPL system,你可以改变diagnostic flag的值
注意: mpcfg 和 service information相关
shutdown
-v 或 –h   Halt the operating system completely
-k         Avoids shuting down the system
-m       Bring the system down to maintenance mode
-I        specifies interactive mode , Display interactive messages to guide the user through the shutdown
注意  : /etc/rc.shutdown文件由 /usr/sbin/shutdown script调用来关闭在关机的时候想中断的进程,该文件的必须是可执行的才能被正确调用
安装媒质有问题的征兆:
1、安装时意外挂起   2、 无法从介质读数据  3、意外重起
如果安装媒质没有问题的话,在你的系统中两个设备可能共享相同的SCSI地址
LED Error Code
LED 201 ---  Damaged boot image
解决方法:
1、访问你的rootvg ( 进入 system maintenance 模式 )
2、检查 / 和 /tmp文件系统,看看他们是否已经满了,如果是创建更多的空间
3、决定 bootdisk 通过用命令 lslv –m hd5
4、重新创建 boot image 使用 bosboot –a –d /dev/hdisk0
5、检查 CHECKSTOP errors in the error log , 如果这样的错误发现的话可能是失败的硬件
6、关机 重起
LED 223-229 ---  Invalid boot list
1、决定启动磁盘 lslv –m hd5
2、创建新的bootlist  使用 bootlist命令
LED 551,555,and 557 --- Errors Including corrupted file system and corrupted JFS log
1、进入维护模式   access rootvg before mounting and file system
2、fsck –y /dev/hd1
  fsck –y /dev/hd2
  fsck –y /dev/hd3
  fsck –y /dev/hd4
  fsck –y /dev/hd9var
3、再次Format the JFS log
/usr/sbin/logform /dev/hd8
4、使用 lslv –m hd5 去决定 boot disk
5、重新创建boot image
bosboot –a –d /dev/hdisk0
LED 552,554,and 556 ---  Super block corrupted or corrupted customized ODM database
Fsck
1、Repeat steps 1 and 2 for LEDs 551 555 and 557
2、If fsck inidicates that block 8 is corrupted, the super block for the file system is cororupted and needs to be repaired , Enter the command :
Dd count=1 bs=4k skip=31 seek=1 if=/dev/hdn of=/dev/hdn
3、rebuild your JFS log by using the command :
/usr/sbin/logform /dev/hd8
4、if this solves the problem, stop here ; otherwise ,continue with step 5
5、Your ODM database is corrupted ,restart your system and 进入 maintenance mode
6、Mount the root and usr file system
Mount /dev/hd4 /mnt
Mount /usr
7、copy system configuration to a backup directory
mkdir /mnt/etc/objrepos /backup
cp /mnt/etc/objrepos/Cu* /mnt/etc/objrepos /backup
LED 553 --- corrupted /etc/inittab file
1、进入系统维护模式
2、检查 /  /var /tmp 使用 df命令
3、检查 /inittab文件
4、检查 execution problems
/etc/environment
/bin/sh
/bin/bsh
/etc/fsck
etc/profile
/.profile
5、shutdown and reboot
第二部分、硬件相关
为了列出系统中的磁带(盘),使用 # lsdev –C –c tape(disk)
列示在预定义ODM数据库中的设备  # lsdev –P –H
列示在定制定义ODM数据库中的设备 # lsdev –C –H
# lspv 显示在系统中的每一个PV along with its physical disk name ,PVID,and with VG it belongs to.
# lspv pvname 仅仅显示该PV的信息  eg: # lspv hdisk0
# lspv –p hdisk0 列示 range , state , region , LV name , type , and mount point for each PP on the PV
cfgmgr 配置设备在软件层
SMS检查和配置系统在硬件层
如何进入SMS:
1、关机
2、如果需要的话插入 SMS 软盘 ,启动机器
3、Press F1 得到一个图形化的 SMS菜单或 Press F4去得到一个ASCII SMS菜单
( 要眼疾手快 )
你可以改变访问的口令在SMS菜单,从而只有授权的人才可以访问SMS工具,但如果你忘了这个口令,唯一的解决方法是给主板放电(将电池拿掉)
当显示一个定制设备的有效属性时,信息的获得是从 Configuration daabase 而不是设备本身,一般来说,chdev with –P or –T flag 将刷新设备的配置,如果没有的话,lsattr 命令显示设备的信息有可能是不准确的,一直到重起后
· # lsattr –El rmt0 显示磁带的当前的属性
· # lsattr –l rmt0 –D 显示磁带默认的属性
· # lsattr –l scsi0 –a bus_intr_lvl –E
· # lsattr –l tty0 –a login –R  To list possible values of the login attribute for the TTY device tty0
# smitty devices  该命令可以使用smit菜单
1、安装或配置设备(在IPL之后)
2、删除设备
3、列示存在的设备
4、改变或显示设备的属性
5、执行设备相关的问题的决定
# /usr/lib/errdemon     启动errdemon
# /usr/lib/errdemon –l  决定系统错误日志文件的路径
# errpt  产生错误报告  # errpt –a  # errpt –a –s 0828093001
# errpt –a –j AA8AB241(最后为 error identifier )
# errloger 命令允许你记录管理员的信息到系统错误日志中
# diag 执行硬件问题诊断
AIX使用syslogd记录系统的信息,在这里有一个/etc/syslog.conf配置文件,该文件控制syslogd进程的行为,系统日志应该被升级通过编辑/etc/syslog.conf文件,在你编辑并增加了条目在/etc/syslog.conf文件,你需要重新启动syslogd进程
# smitty tty 增加一个TTY
第三部分、系统和软件的安装
为了安装BOS,应该启动系统进入Maintenance mode
三种安装方法的区别:
(1)New and Complete Overwrite Installation
情形一、一台新的机器
情形二、你想安装到那个硬盘(包含在一个已经存在的卷组)你想完全覆盖掉,或者rootvg已经损坏
情形三、你想重新分配你的硬盘,使你的rootvg更小,分配少些磁盘空间给它
安装后要使用 Configuration Assistant application手工配置系统相关设置,该程序也可以手工运行,/usr/sbin/install_assist
(2)Migration Installation (升级安装)
使用该安装方法去升级AIX 3.2   4.1   4.2    4.3   To AIX 5L Version 5.1 升级时保留了已经存在的rootvg卷组,除了/tmp,该方法保留了所有的文件系统,包括rootvg,lv和系统配置文件,同时保留了用户配置文件。
(3)Preservation Installation
该方法覆盖了/usr , /tmp, /var, 和 / 文件系统,在这些目录中任何用户数据将丢失,任何其他的LPP和Filesets将会丢失,系统配置将重做在安装结束后
  有一个 /etc/preserve.list文件,在该文件中的条目将会被保留
# bootinfo –y  标示系统硬件的类型 ( 32bit或64bit )
oslevel 的运行
# oslevel   ( to see the current maintenance level of your system )
4.3.3.0
软件的组成以及各部分的含义
vv.rr.mmmm.ffff
vv :  两个数字   标示 version number
rr :  两个数字   标示 release number
mmmm: 四个数字   标示 modification lever
ffff: 四个数字   标示 fix level
在升级后,oslevle后,如果你的系统没有显示出新的维护层,使用
After an update, if your system is not showing the new maintenance level . use the –l flag with the oslevle command to detemine what filesets have note been upgraded to match the new BOS levle
# oslevle –l   还有一个 inutoc /usr/sys/inst.images/.toc
该命令在运行installp的时候自动调用
你可以使用fixdist工具下载个别的fix,为了决定一个fix是否安装在系统上或为了安装一个fix,使用instfix命令( 和fix有关)
instfix命令允许你安装一个fix或set of fixes without knowing any information 除了APAR号或唯一的关键字来标示这个fix
例一:为了列示在一个CD-ROM中的fixes
# instfix –T –d /dev/cd0
例二:为了决定是否APAR IX75893安装到系统
# instfix –ik IX75893
例三:To examine information about APAR IX75893 and what it does
# instfix –aik IX75893
例四:To list what maintenance levels have been installed on your system with the instfix command
# instfix –i | grep ML
例五:为了从/dev/cd0安装APAR IX75893
# instfix –k IX75893 –d /dev/cd0
例六:To view the new maintenance level of your software
# lslpp –l   主要还是显示 fix level
this will show you the latest maintenance level of the filesets including those you just updated
为了创建installation images on your hard disk
# smitty bffcreate
为了克隆rootvg到一个新的磁盘 # smitty alt_clone
条件: The target disk should be a stand-alone disk not belonging to a VG,同时,SSA disks cannote be used as your target disks
第四部分: ODM
大多数的系统 object classes 和 objects存储在/usr/lib/objrepos目录,然而,ODM信息存储在
1、/usr/lib/objrepos
2、/usr/share/lib/objrepos
3、/etc/bojrepos
ODM的相关命令:
odmadd:      add objects to an boject class
odmcreate:    create empty object classes
odmchange:    change specific objects in a specified object class
odmdelete     remove objects from an boject class
odmdrop      remove an entire object class
odmget       retrives objects from object classes
odmshow      display the description of an object class
第五部分:存储管理和文件系统
VGDA:
The VGDA, located at the beginning of each physical volume,contain informatino that describes all the logical volumes and all the physical volumes that belong to the volume group of which that physical volume is a memober
The VGDA is allocated when the disk is assigned as a physical volume,When the PV is assigned to a VG ,The actual VG informationg is placed in the VGDA
VGSA:
The VGSA contains state information about PP and PV
LVCB:
The LVCB is located at the start of every LV , It contains information about the LV and users a few hundred bytes
Disk Quorum:
Each Physical disk in a VG has at least one VGDA/VGSA,
single PV in a VG:  two  VGDAs on one disk
two    PV in a VG: two VGDAs on the first disk, one VGDA on the second disk
Three or more    :  one VGDA on each disk
Disk Mirroring :
disk mirroring is the association of two or three PP with each LP in a LV,在LV创建的时候就可以做Mirroring 。
mklv 命令允许你选择 one or two additional copied for each LV,Mirror也可以加在一个已经存在的LV,通过使用mklvcopy命令
mirrorvg命令镜像在一个给定VG中的所有的LV,相同的功能可以被完成通过mklvcopy命令,如果在一个VG中运行mklvcopy命令for 每一个单独的LV,注意此处就是目标磁盘必须和源磁盘等等在同一个VG中
例一:# mirrorvg -c 3 workvg  三重镜像一个卷组
例二:# mirrorvg workvg    以默认的方式镜像卷组
为了删除一个卷组中已经损坏的磁盘:
# unmirrorvg workvg hdisk7
# reducevg work hdisk7
# remdev -l hdisk7 -d
删除后添加一个新的磁盘(以同样的名称)
# extendvg workvg hdisk7
# mirrorvg workvg
同步新建的镜像
# mirrorvg -S -c 3 workvg
注意:在这个例子中,mirrorvg 将创建两个copy for the LV in workvg,他将创建新的镜像在新替换的磁盘上,但如果原来的系统被三重的镜像的话,将没有新的镜像创建在hdisk7上,因为其他的copy已经存在
为了创建一个卷组精确的映射
# mirrorvg -m datavg hdisk2 hdisk3
当rootvg mirroring完成后,下列的任务必须做:
一、运行bosboot命令  ( 从RAM磁盘文件系统和内核创建一个boot image )
二、运行bootlist命令
三、reboot system( 默认情况下,mirrorvg命令使quorum to be turned off, 为了 turn on the quorum on a rootVG,系统必须重启)
注意: 不要reboot 系统当 bosboot命令没有成功创建一个boot disk的时候
非rootvg的 mirroring:
当一个非rootvg的卷组被镜像时,the quorum state is deactivated,为了解决这个问题,all open LV must be closed, 然后vary off and vary on the VG for the changes to take effect
The dump device can be queried and modified with the sysdumpdev command
有三种方法用来配置一个新的disk ,如果你的LVM想用这磁盘的话,同时还必须做成一个PV
方法一:shutdown 然后Power on
# lspv 的输出结果中如果对应的hdiskx有PVID,说明该hdisk已经是PV了,可以被LVM使用,但如果没有PVID的话,就要使该disk成为PV
方法二:手工运行cfgmgr
一个新的磁盘只有被分配给一个VG才可以使用,必须作为一个PV才可以被LVM使用
相应命令: chdev -l hdisk1 -a pv=yes
The following command is used to turn off the allocation permission for the PV hdisk1
# chpv -a n hdisk1
To turn the allocation permission back on .use the following command
# chpv -a y hdisk1
当一个PV由于损坏要被从该系统删除时,该PV should be made unavailable :
# chpv -v r pvname
The following command will make a PV available to the system
# chpv -v a pvname
注意:当运行chpv命令失败了的时候,检查/tmp的空间
A PV must be unconfigured before it can be removed from the system,The following example shows how to unconfigure a PV and change its state from available to defined
# rmdev -l hdisk1
该PV的定义仍然保留在ODM中,使用 -d 将 remove the definition from the ODM
List PV on the system  # lspv
List PV on the system along with the status of each PV # lspv -C -c disk
List PV characteristic   # lspv hdisk1
List all the LV on the PV  # lspv -l hdisk1
List PP allocation by PV region  # lspv -p hdisk1
List PP allocation table      # lspv -M hdisk1
下列的过程描述了如何从一个failing disk移出数据 before it is removed for repair or replacement
1、首先确定source and destinatino PV are in the same VG
# lsvg -p rootvg
2、a、make sure the disk is available
   # lsdev -Cc disk
  b、if the disk is listed and in the available state , make sure it does not belong to another VG
   # lspv
  c、if the disk is not listed or is not available,you need to check or install the disk
  d、add the new disk to the Vg
   # extendvg VGNAME hdisknumber
3、确定目标磁盘有足够的空间可以容纳源盘的内容
4、如果准备移动的数据所在的磁盘属于rootvg:
a、检查是否 boot logical volume(BLV)也就是hd5在 sourec disk中
    # lspv -l sourcedisknumber | grep hd5
  如果在的话: # migratepv -l hd5 SourceDiskNumber DestinationDiskNumber
注意: migratepv命令cannot migrate striped LV ,if htis is the case , to move data from one PV to another,use the cplv命令 to copy the data,and then use the rmlv command to remove the old copy
        migratepv command is not allowed if the VG is varied on in a concurrent mode
b、在目标磁盘上执行bosboot命令
  当BLV is migrated from a PV ,the boot record on the source should be cleared ,Failure to clear this record may result in a system hang
c、在源磁盘上执行bosboot -c命令 to clear the boot record on the source
   # bosboot -a -d /dev/DestinationDiskNumber
   # bootlist -m normal DestinationDiskNumber
   # mkboot -c -d /dev/SourceDiskNumber
5、如果你要移动的数据所在的磁盘属于用户定义的卷组
  # smitty migratepv
To remove source disk from the Vg ,such as when it is failing
  # reducevg VGNAME SourceDiskNumber
在物理的卸掉Source disk之前,运行
  # rmdev -l SourceDiskNumber -d
创建一个新的VG ,# mkvg 或 # smitty mkvg
当使用mkvg创建VG的时候,root filesystem 至少需要2MB的Free space才能够保证VG成功创建
To make a VG to be varied on automatically each time a system is restarted
# chvg -ay newvg
Turn off the automatic varying on of the VG at system restart
# chvg -an newvg
Unlock a Vg
# chvg -u newvg
Add the PV hdisk3 to Vg newvg
# extendvg newvg hdisk3
The Vg must be varied on before it can be reduced
# reducevg myvg hdisk3
Remove a PV reference
# reducevg VG PVID
To remove the system definition of a VG from the ODM database,the VG need to be exported using the exportvg command,This command will not remove any user data in the VG ,but will only remove its definition from the ODM database
# exportvg myvg
# importvg –y myvg hdisk12
你也可以使用exportvg 和importvg来给一个用户定义的卷组改名
# varyoffvg vg00
# exportvg vg00  (导出前要先varrry off)
# importvg –y cadsvg hdisk1
A VG that has a paging space volume on it cannot be exported while the paging space is active
在导出一个包含活动的paging space的卷组的时候,首先:
# chps –a n paging_space_name
然后重起系统,从而该paging space处于inactive的状态
if you don’t activate the VG that contains file systems, or if you activated the VG through smitty importvg,It is highly recommended that you run the fsck command before you mount the file systems, if you are moving the VG to another system,be sure to unconfigure the disks before moving them
The smitty exportvg command deletes references to file system in /etc/filesystems,but it leaves the mount points on the system
激活一个卷组:
# varyonvg newvg
Deactivate a Vg (The varyoffvg command will deactivate a VG and its associated LV,This requires that the LV be closed ,which requires that file systems associated with LV be unmounted,)
# varyoffvg myvg
List all the Vg known to the system
# lsvg
List the Vg that are currently active
# lsvg –o
List the characteristics of a VG
# lsvg rootvg
List the LV in a VG
# lsvg –l rootvg
List the PV status within a VG
# lsvg –p rootvg
使用reorgvg命令的两个必要的条件:
1、VG must be varied on
2、Must have free partitions
The relocatable flag of each LV must be set to y using the chlv –r command for the reorganization to take effect,otherwise, the LV is ignored
注意:对于LV的relocatable必须用chlv -r设置成 y ,reorgvg命令对含条带集的逻辑卷无效,同时在该卷组中至少包含一个自由的物理分区
To synchronize the copies on PV hdisk04 and hdisk05
# syncvg –p hdisk04 hdisk05
To synchronize the copies on VG vg04 and vg05
# syncvg –v vg04 vg05
# mklv newlv     创建逻辑卷
# rmlv newlv     删除逻辑卷
# extendlv newlv 3  扩展该逻辑卷的逻辑分区(增加了3个LP)
使用cplv命令来拷贝一个逻辑卷到另外的新的磁盘或已经存在的逻辑卷
# cplv –v myvg –y newlv oldlv 该命令将拷贝oldlv的内容到一个新的逻辑卷newlv ,如果卷组没有指定的话,该命令将在相同的卷组中创建一个新的逻辑卷
拷贝一个逻辑卷的内容到一个已经存在的逻辑卷(existinglv卷组中的数据将被覆盖)
# cplv –e existinglv oldlv
如果卷组is varied on in concurrent mode的话,使用cplv命令来创建一个新的LV将失败
# splitlvcopy –y newlv oldlv 2 (以前的oldlv的一个LP对应三个PP)
该命令执行后:
oldlv的一个LP对应两个PP
newlv的一个LP对应一个PP
Before splitting LV ,You must unmount file system and close the LV
下列的LV在系统安装的时候自动创建
hd5 :This is boot logical volume that holds the boot code, it is available only at system startup time
hd6: This is the default paging space logical volume that is used by the system to perform paging.
hd8 : This LV is used as the default logging space for the JFS,一个分区,4MB
hd2 : This LV is used by the /usr file system
hd4 : This LV is used by the / root file system
hd9var  : This LV is used bye the /var file system
hd3:  This LV is used by the /tmp file system
hd1 :  This LV is used by the /home file system
# lslv newlv
每一个文件系统都对应一个LV
创建一个文件系统
# smitty crjfs
在加载文件系统的时候一个常规的错误是无法使用pwd命令,通过设置加在点目录的权限至少为111可以解决这个问题
有两种类型的automatic mounting
第一种:Those mounts that are required to boot and run the system,These file systems are explicitly mounted by the boot process. The stanzas of such file systems in the /etc/filesystems file have mount=automatic,
注意:
如果在/etc/filesystems文件中有定义且mount=automatic,则这些文件系统将不受mount all 和umount all 命令的影响
类型二:
The second type of automatic mount is user-controller,These file systems are mounted during initialization by the /etc/rc script when it issues the mount all command, The stanzas of user-controller automatic mounts contain mount=true in /etc/filesystem
显示当前所有加载的文件系统
# mount
如果想删除一个文件系统,首先要umount it
# umount filesystem_name
然后 # rmfs –r filesystem_name或使用 # smitty rmjfs 
使用df命令显示当前文件系统的大小
使用mksysb去减小一个文件系统的大小
在通过mksysb来恢复rootvg卷组的过程中,一个选项就是 shrink在磁盘上安装的文件系统,当选中这个选项时,在该卷组的LV和FS将按照容纳数据的最小尺寸来重新创建LV和FS
用户定义的卷组也可以通过 # restvg –s 来调用这个shrink的选项。
在加载文件系统之前运行fsck,同时必须能够读the device file on which the file system reside
The logform command initializes a LV for use as a JFS log device
运行该命令在一个文件系统上将完全破坏该文件系统上的数据,if a log device is open due to its use by a mounted file system, the file system should be unmounted prior to running logform against the log device
Troubleshooting file system problems
1、Recovering from super block errors
If you receive one of the following errors from the fsck or mount commands,The problem may be a corrupted superblock
This problem can be resolved by restoring the backup of the superblock over the primary superblock using one of the following commands
dd count=1 bs=4k skip=31 seek=1 if=/dev/lv00 of=/dev/lv00
The follow command works only for Aix version 4
fsck –p /dev/lv00
当恢复的进程结束后,使用 fsck /dev/lv00,在一般情况下,restoration of the backup of the superblock to the primary superblock will recover the file system ,if this does not resolve the problem, recreate the file system and restore the data from a backup
2、Cannot unmount file systems
情形一:、file are open within a file system
The fuser command is often the best way to determine what is still active in the file system,
# fuser –xc /tmp
情形二:A kernel extension that is loaded but exist within the source file system,此时fuser命令将无法显示kernel extension,通过genkex命令则可以显示
情形三:在该文件系统中仍然由文件系统处于加载的状态
情形四:一个进程正在使用该文件系统中的一个目录作为它当前的工作目录
第六部分: Paging space
Paging space 的大小在AIX安装系统定制的时候,要根据下列标准:
1、Paging space can use no less than 16MB,except for hd6,In AIX version 4.2.1,hd6 can use no less than 32 MB ,and in AIX Version 4.3 and later,no less than 64MB
2、Pagin space使用的空间不能超过总磁盘空间的20%
3、如果真实的物理内存小于256MB的话, Paging space is tow times real memory
4、if real memory is greater than or equal to 256MB, Paging space is 512MB
  或者使用公式:Total paging space=512+(memory size-256)*1.25
理想情况下,There should be serveral paging spaces of roughly equal size each on a different physical volume
可以利用vmstat和topas这两个命令来获得Paging space的状态
# lsps -a 提供 a snapshot of the current utilization of each of the paging spaces on a system
# lsps -s 提供 a summary of the total active paging space and its current utilization
注意:避免增加paging space到一个便携式的硬盘上
Remove a disk that is online with an active paging space will require a reboot to deactivate the paging space and , therefore ,cause user disruption.
注意: In version prior to AiX 5L version 5.1,A VG that has a paging space volume on it cannot be varied off or exported while the paging space is active,Before deactivating a VG having an active paging space volume,ensure that the paging space is not activated automatically at system initialization and then reboot the system.
管理paging sapce的相关命令:
chps : change the attributes of a paging space
lsps:  Display the characteristics of a paging space
mkps:  creates an additional paging space
rmps:  remove an inactive paging space
swapon: Activates a paging space
swapoff : Deactivates one or more paging space
考点: Active paging space cannot be removed .To remove an active paging space ,it must first be made inactive
在AIX version to AIX version4.3 ,使用chps命令 so the paging sapce is not used on the next system restart,Then restart the system,此时,The paging space is inactive and can be removed using the rmps cmmand, IN Aix version 5.1 ,使用swapoff命令去动态deactivate the paging space,Then use the rmps command
# swapon -a
Deactivate a paging space
AIX 5.1 deactivate a paging space and to decrease the size of a paging space without having to reboot
# swapoff DeviceName  or # smitty swapoff
在AIX 4.3中:
# smitty chps  ---->>reboot  ----->> lsps -a
Decreasing the size of a paging space
AIX 5.1
# chps -d 2 paging03 不需要deactivate ,不需要reboot,
AIX4.3中
# 要deactivate it--->> reboot ---->> remove it --->> recreate it
如果要删除一个paging space
注意: remove default paging space incorrectly can prevent the system from restarting,You must deactivate the paging space before you can remove it , which require a reboot
check the primary dump device you are using by executing the command
# sysdumpdev -l
you cannot remove the default dump device,you must change the default dump device to another paging space or LV before removing the paging space
删除一个paging space  ( except hd6 )

deactivate it--->> reboot ---->> remove it
如果在AIX 5L中  
# swapoff /dev/paging00
# rmps paging00
管理默认的 paging space ( hd6 )
1、减小 hd6 paging space的大小 (在 AIX4.3或之前的版本 )
注意: 在AIX4.2.1 and later does not support reducing the size of hd6 below 32MB
第一步:mkps -a -n -s 30 rootvg hdisk0  (创建一个临时的paging sapce)
第二步:chps -a n hd6 ( deactivate the hd6 )
第三步:将 /sbin/rc.boot中的 swapon /dev/hd6改成 swapon /dev/paging00
第四步:sysdumpdev -l ( check the primary dump device designation)
第五步:sysdumpdev -P -p /dev/paging00 (change the primary ……to paging00
第六步:bosboot -d /dev/hdisk -a ( Create a bootable image
第七步:shutdown -r
第八步:rmps hd6
第九步:mklv -t paging -y hd6 rootvg 30
第十步:sysdumpdev -P -p /dev/hd6
十一步:在/sbin/rc.boot文件中将 ……改成 swapon /dev/hd6
十二步:bosboot -d /dev/hdisk0 -a
十三步:chps -a y hd6
十四步:chps -a n paging00
十五步:shutdown -r
十六步:rmps paging00
减小hd6 (在 AIX 5.1 )
# chps -d

Moving a paging space with the name hd6 from rootvg to another VG is not recommended because the name is hard-coded in serveral places
移动 hd6 paging space在相同的卷组中不需要重新启动系统
# migratepv -l hd6 hdisk0 hdisk1
第七部分:System Backup ,restores and availability
使用tctl命令控制磁带机
mksysb : create an installable image of the rootvg either in a file or onto a bootable tape
-e  Excludes files listed in the /etc/exclude.rootvg file from being backup up
-i  Call the mkszfile command , which generates the /image.data file automatically during a backup
-m  Call the mkszfile command to generate map files
savevg : The savevg command saves non-root VG
The mksysb command creates a bootable image of all mounted file systems on the rootvg
The tape format include a BOS boot image ,a BOS install image and a dummy table of contents(TOC)follow by the system backup(rootvg)
用户定义的卷组和裸设备不能用mksysb来备份
The BOS boot image contains a copy of the system's kernel and device drivers needed to boot from the mksysb tape,It is created by the bosboot command
There are three important files in the mkinsttape image:
./tapeblksz  contains the block size
./bosinst.data  allow you to specify the requirements at the target system and how the user interacts with the target system
./image.data  contain information describing the image installed during the BOS installation process,This information includes the size,names ,maps,and mount points of logical volumes and file systems in the rootvg
# mksysb -i 产生一个新的image.data on the tape during a backup( mkszfile命令产生的image.data)
The mksysb commmand creates a bootable image of the rootvg file system either in a file system directory onto a bootable tape,an is used to restore a system after a system failure or for system cloning
# savevg -if /dev/rmt0 uservg
使用tar备份目录:
进入该目录,运行: # tar -cvf /dev/fd0 *
使用backup备份目录:
进入该目录,运行: # find . -print ( or -depth ) | backup -i -f /dev/rmt0 (相对的路径)恢复时使用restore
使用cpio备份目录:  
#  cd /  
# find /userdirectory -print | cpio -o -c -v -B > /dev/rmt0 (恢复时使用cpio -i) (绝对的路径)
增量备份:
# backup -0 -uf /dev/rmt0 /home
# backup -1 -uf /dev/rmt0 /home
对于磁带机:
Rewind the tape to the beginning by using the following
# tctl -f /dev/rmt0 rewind ( mt 也可以 )
显示在一个备份的媒质上的内容
# restore -T -d -v -q -s4 -f /dev/rmt0.1
恢复一个文件:
# restore -x -d -v -q -s4 -f /dev/rmt0.1 ./etc/hosts
# tar -xvg /dev/rmt0 /etc/hosts
# cpio -i -c -v -d -u -m -B

本文来自ChinaUnix博客,如果查看原文请点:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/27567/showart_1079112.html

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