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The Art of Unix Programming [复制链接]

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can.
Rule of Representation: Use smart data so program logic can be stupid and robust.
Rule of Separation: Separate policy from mechanism; separate interfaces from
engines.
Rule of Optimization: Prototype before polishing. Get it working before you optimize
it.
Rule of Diversity: Distrust all claims for one true way.
Rule of Extensibility: Design for the future, because it will be here sooner than you
think.



The Unix philosophy in one lesson
Applying the Unix philosophy
Attitude matters too


Those who do not understand Unix are condemned to reinvent it, poorly.

--Henry Spencer

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Part I. Context

Home Culture? What culture?

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Culture? What culture?

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Culture? What culture?

This is a book about Unix programming, but in it we're going to toss around the words
鈥榗ulture鈥

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The durability of Unix

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The durability of Unix

Unix was born in 1969, and has been in continuous production use ever since. That's several
geologic eras by computer-industry standards 鈥

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Much of Unix's success has to be attributed to Unix's inherent strengths, to design decisions
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kernighan and Doug McIlroy and Rob Pike
and other early Unix developers made back at the beginning; decisions that have been proven
sound over and over. But just as much is due to the design philosophy, art of programming,
and technical culture which grew up around Unix in the early days. This tradition has
continuously and successfully propagated itself in symbiosis with Unix ever since.


[2] About the only competitor in longevity is IBM's MVS operating system for S/390
mainframes, born in 1965.

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Culture? What culture?

Home The case against learning Unix
culture

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The case against learning Unix culture

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The case against learning Unix culture

Unix's durability and its technical culture are certainly of interest to people who already like
Unix, and perhaps to historians of technology. But Unix's original application as a general-
purpose timesharing system for larger computers is rapidly receding into the mists of history,
killed off by personal workstations. And there is certainly room for doubt that it will ever
achieve success in the mainstream business-desktop market presently dominated by
Microsoft.

Outsiders have frequently dismissed Unix as an academic toy or a hacker's sandbox. One
well-known polemic, the Unix Hater's Handbook [Garfinkel et al.] follows an antagonistic
line nearly as old as Unix itself in writing its devotees off as a cult religion of freaks and
losers. Certainly the colossal and repeated blunders of AT&T, Sun, Novell, and other
commercial vendors and standards consortia in mis-positioning and mis-marketing Unix
have become legendary.

Even from within the Unix world, Unix has seemed to be teetering on the brink of
universality for so long as to raise the suspicion that it will never actually get there. A
skeptical outside observer's conclusion might be that Unix is too useful to die but too
awkward to break out of the back room, a perpetual niche operating system.

What confounds the skeptics' case is, more than anything else, the rise of Linux and other
open-source Unixes. Unix's culture proved too vital to be smothered even by a decade of
vendor mismanagement. Today the Unix community itself has taken control of the
technology and marketing, and is rapidly and visibly solving Unix's problems.

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The durability of Unix

Home What Unix gets wrong

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What Unix gets wrong

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What Unix gets wrong

For a design that dates from 1969, it is remarkably hard to identify design choices in Unix
that are unequivocally wrong. There are several popular candidates, but each is still a subject
of spirited debate not merely among Unix fans but across the wider community of people
who think about and design operating systems.

Unix files have no structure above byte level. File deletion is forever. The Unix security
model is arguably too primitive. There are too many different kinds of names for things.
Having a file system at all may have been the wrong choice. We will discuss these technical
issues in Chapter 18 (Futures).

Perhaps the most enduring objections to Unix are consequences of a feature of its philosophy
first made explicit by the designers of the X window system. X strives to provide
鈥渕echanism, not policy鈥

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competitors more tied to one set of policy or interface choices have faded from view.

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The case against learning Unix
culture

Home What Unix gets right

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What Unix gets right

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What Unix gets right

The explosive recent growth of Linux, and the increasing importance of the Internet, give us
good reasons to suppose that the skeptic's case is wrong. But even supposing the skeptical
assessment is true, Unix culture is worth learning because there are some things that Unix
and its surrounding culture clearly do better than any competitors.

Open-source software

Though the term 鈥渙pen source鈥

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The Internet

The Defense Department's contract for the first production TCP/IP stack went to a Unix
development group because the Unix in question was largely open source. Besides TCP/IP,
Unix has become the one indispensible core technology of the Internet service industry. Ever
since the demise of the TOPS family of operating systems in the mid-1980s, most Internet
server machines (and effectively all above the PC level) have been Unix.

Not even Microsoft's awesome marketing clout has been able to dent Unix's lock on the
Internet. While the TCP/IP standards on which the Internet is based evolved under TOPS-10
and are theoretically separable from Unix, attempts to make them work on other operating
systems have been bedeviled by incompatibilities, instabilities, and bugs. The theory and
RFCs are available to anyone, but the engineering tradition to make them into a solid and
working reality exists only in the Unix world.

The Internet technical culture and the Unix culture began to merge in the the early 1980s,
and are now inseparably symbiotic. To function effectively as an Internet expert, an
understanding of Unix and its culture are indispensible.

The open-source community

The community that originally formed around the early Unix source distributions never went
away 鈥

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approaches, and an entire generation of bright young programmers into the Unix tradition.
Open-source projects including the Linux operating system and symbiotes such as Apache
and Mozilla have brought the Unix tradition an unprecedented level of mainstream visibility
and success. The open-source movement seems on the verge of winning its bid to define the
computing infrastructure of tomorrow 鈥
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