adminstrarorI_Q&A

大印象

1-6. REVIEW: Check Your Understanding
1. Describe the role of the system administrator.
Answer:
The system administrator is responsible for setting up and maintaining the system.
2. What does the system administrator neeed to understand in order to perform his or her
duties appropriately?
Answer:
Not only must the administrator understand both hardware and software, but she/he must
also understand the needs of the user community.
3. What are the three main categories of system administration responsibilities?
Answer:
• hardware responsibilities
• software responsibilities
• responsibilities to the users
4. What are two items in the system administrator’s tool kit?
Answer:
• SAM
• Support Contract
• Instant Information
• Shell Scripts
• SupportLine

2-4. LAB: SAM
1. PART I
Log onto your workstation and start SAM. The first screen in SAM lists a number of
functional areas. The following are just a few of the functional areas you may see listed:
accounts for users and groups
backup and recovery
disks and file systems
peripheral devices
Answer:
2. Which functional area would you choose to view a list of user accounts on your system?
Select the appropriate area, and determine the number of accounts on your system. (Note: In
some cases, a functional area may contain one or more sub-areas. You may have to drill down
through several menus to get to the in formation you are looking for.) Explore some of the
other SAM functional areas to find answers to the questions that follow.
Answer:
The functional area that lists user accounts is Accounts for Users and Groups –> Users
3. Are any tape drives configured on your system?你的系统配置了磁带机么？
Answer:
The functional area that lists tape devices is Peripheral Devices –> Tape Drives
4. How many disk devices are attached to your system? Do you have any "Unused" disk
devices?你的系统联接了多少硬盘设备？你是否有未被使用的硬盘设备？
Answer:
The functional area that lists disk devices is Peripheral Devices --> Disks and
File Systems --> Disk Devices.
5. How many file systems are configured on your system?你的系统配置了几个文件系统？
Answer:
The functional area that lists file systems is Disks and File Systems --> File
Systems.
6. Are there any currently scheduled automated backups on your system?在你的系统上是否定义了定是自动备份？
Answer:
The functional area that lists scheduled backups is Backup and Recovery -->
Automated Backups.
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1. PART II
Go to the Users object list in SAM. What type of information does the object list display for
each user account? List four fields.
进入sam里的users对象列表。对象列表给每个用户账号显示了何种信息？列出4个字段
Answer:
Go to Accounts for Users and Groups --> Users. The users’ object list by default
shows the following fields:
Login Name
User ID
Real Name
Primary Group
Office Phone
Office Location
2. SAM doesn’t always show all the information available for a given object list. For instance,
by default, SAM doesn’t list user home directory names in the Users object list.
You can modify the types and order of columns shown in the object list by launching the
Column editor from the Menu Bar at the top of the screen: View --> Columns.
The Home Directory field is probably currently marked Ignore. Change Ignore to 5, click
OK , and note the change to your object list .
Sam并不总是显示对象列表的所有信息、例如、sam默认不显示用户对象列表的用户根目录。可以通过菜单的列编辑器view－>columns修改对象列表里的类型和顺序。Home directory字段现在可能被标注为ignore.将ignore改为5、按ok、观察你的对象列表变化。
Answer:
A Home Directory column appears in the fifth column. Remaining fields automatically
shift to the right.
3. Now use the column editor to put the Start-up program in the sixth column of the object
list, and hide the Office location and Office phone fields.
现在用列编辑器将start-up program 放入对象列表的第六列，并隐藏office location和office phone项。
Answer:
Choose View --> Columns.
Set the Column value for Startup Program to 6.
Set the Column value for Office Location to Ignore.
Set the Column value for Office Phone to Ignore.
Click OK
4. You can also customize your object lists by changing the order in which they are sorted.
Sort your Users object list by User ID in Descending order. To change the sort order, go to the
Menu Bar at the top of the SAM screen and choose: View --> Sort. After selecting your
sort order in the dialog box that appears, click OK and see what happens.
你也可以改变对象列表的排列顺序。将用户对象列表按userid降序列表。改变sam上方菜单条的排列顺序，选择view->sort.在对话框中选择你需要的排列顺序，选择view->sort.在对话框中选择你需要的排列顺序后，按ok即可。
Answer:
The steps described sort the user object list in descending order by UID.
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5. On large systems, even after defining a sort order, you may still find it tiresome to scroll
through hundreds of user accounts to find an account that you need to modify. SAM allows you
to filter object lists to show a subset of the available objects.
For the purpose of this lab exercise, define a filter in the Users object list that lists only user
accounts with UIDs greater than 99. In the menu bar, choose: View --> Filter.
In the dialog box that appears, change the Operator for UID to Greater than, then type 99 in
the Value box to the right. Click OK to apply the filter. Now look at the status bar at the top of
the object list screen. How does SAM indicate that a filter has been applied?
在大型体统中，即使设置了排列方式，你也会发现从成千上万个用户账号中找到你要修改的东西是非常困难的。Sam允许你过滤对象列表，只显示可用对象的一个子集。为了这个实验得目的，在用户对象列表中定义一个过滤器，只显示uids大于99的用户账号。在菜单条上选择：view->filter.在显示的对话框中，改变uid的操作符为大于，并在右边的数值框中输入99.按ok，应用过滤器。现在观察对象列表屏幕上方的状态条，看sam是怎样表示一个已经被应用的过滤器的？
Answer:
The steps described hide all user accounts with UIDs
SAM indicates the number of filtered objects.
6. Once you have customized your object list to your liking, save the current sort, column,
and filter configuration as the default by selecting: View --> Save view as default
当你已经定义好所需要的对象列表后，将现在的排序，列和过滤器设置为默认值，选择:view->save view as default
Answer:
7. Go to SAM’s File systems functional area. It would be helpful to be able to view the
amount of space in use in each of your file systems so you could determine if and when new
disks may be needed on your system. Add the Percent used column to the object list, and sort
the objects in descending order based on this new field. Save this new object list configuration
as the default
.进入sam的文件系统功能区，这有助于观察文件系统控件的使用情况，有此你可以确定是否和在什么时间需要安装新的硬盘。在对象列表中添加使用的百分比例，并在此列上按降序排序，将这个最新的对象列表配置存为默认值。
Answer:
Go to Disks and File Systems --> File Systems.
Choose View --> Columns.
Change Ignore to 1 in the Percent Used line.
Click OK.
Choose View --> Sort.
Find the Percent Used line.
Change Ignore to 1, and Ascending to Descending.
Click OK .
Choose: View --> Save View as Default.
1. PART III
Return to the Users functional area in SAM. Without selecting a user from the object list, pull
down the Actions menu. Can any actions be performed here without selecting a user?
回到sam的用户功能区，不从对象列表选择任何用户，下拉action菜单，不选择用户能进行操作么？
Answer:
Several actions are available, even before selecting a user. For example, you can Add a new
user account.
2. The Add action allows you to create a new user account. Select Actions -->Add. This
should bring up a dialog screen requesting information about the new account. Set operator
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as the user name for the new account, then click the OK button so SAM will take the defaults
for the rest of the screen. After SAM prompts you for a password for the new account, check
the object list to see what happened.
Add操作能使你建立一个新的用户账号，选择actions->add,将出现一个对话窗口请求输入有关新账号的信息。设置operator为新账号的用户名，按ok按钮后sam会将其它值设为默认值。当sam提示你输入新账号的密码后，看看对象列表发生了什么变化。
Answer:
After following the suggested steps and entering a password, an operator user is added
to the object list.
3. Choose Actions --> Add again and enter user name dbmgr. Instead of pressing OK, try
the Apply button. What is the difference between the OK and Apply buttons in a dialog box?
Can you think of a situation where Apply might be a more efficient choice than OK?
再次选择actions-add 书如用户名dbmgr。不选择ok二选择apply按钮，对话框中ok和apply按钮的区别是什么？你能设想一种使用apply按钮比ok更有效的环境么
Answer:
The difference between Apply and OK is that [Apply] leaves the dialog box open to add
another user, whereas [OK] creates the requested user and closes the dialog box. This
might be useful if you were creating many new user accounts and didn’t want to repeatedly
choose Add from the "Actions" menu.
4. Now try performing an action on an existing object. Using the mouse (GUI) or space bar
(TUI), select user1 from the object list. Now pull down the Actions menu. Now that you have
selected a user, there should be many more actions to choose from. Choose Modify user’s
password and answer the questions that follow.
尝试对一个存在的对象进行操作，用鼠标(GUI)或空格键，从对象列表中选择user1,下拉actton菜单。现在你选择了一个用户，应该有许多操作可以选择。选择modify user’s password并回答下列问题
Answer:
5. In some cases, the dialog boxes that result from SAM actions may reference terms or
concepts you haven’t encountered before. Select user1 from the object list again, then choose
Actions --> Modify This should open the Modify a User dialog box. The dialog box asks
you to enter the user’s Primary group and Start-up Program. For more information about
terms and concepts you encounter in any SAM window, look for a Help button or Help menu
on the menu bar. Click on the Help button at the bottom of the dialog box window. Skim the
text, and try clicking on a couple of the underlined phrases (In the TUI, select one of the "See
also" topics instead.) Any underlined phrase in a SAM help window is a link to additional
information. When you have finished with the Help window, click Close to return to the
Modify a user dialog box. We didn’t really want to modify user1’s account after all, so click on
Cancel.在某些情况下，在sam操作产生的对话框中可能提到一些你没有遇到的术语和概念。再次从对象列表中选择user1，然后选择action->modify,这时会打开modify a user 对话框。要求你输入用户的主组和起始程序。需要查找更多有关术语和概念的信息，可查看help菜单上的help按钮。点击对话框窗口底部的help按钮，跳过文本部分，尝试点击一些有下划线的短语（在字符用户接口中，选择 “see also”主题），在sam帮助中所有具有下划线的短语都连接到其它附加信息。当结束使用帮助窗口时，点击close回到修改用户的窗口。实际上我们并不想修改user1的用户账号，所以点击cancel.
Answer:
6. Occasionally, SAM will complain about an action you request. Try an experiment: From the
Users object list, select View--->Filter. Set the User ID (UID) operator to Any and click on
OK. Now select the root user account. Choose Actions--->Remove. Can you explain SAM’s
response to this action? Do you consider this to be a feature or a bug?
有时候sam会拒绝你的要求。作下面的实验：从用户对象列表中选择view->filter.摄制用户ｉｄ（uid）的操作人为any并点击ｏｋ。现在选择ｒｏｏｔ用户账号，选择actions->remove.你能解释sam对这种操作的反映么？你认为这是一个功能还是ｂｕｇ？
Answer:
A dialog box appears noting that SAM cannot remove root. This is a feature — removing
root could be disastrous.
7. In other situations, SAM simply provides a warning message when you attempt a risky
action. Try another experiment: From the Users screen, select the root user account, then.
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choose Actions --> Modify. You will get a warning box, to which the most prudent
response at this point is "No"— do not modify root’s account.
另外，当你执行危险操作时，sam只提供一个警告信息。再做另一个实验：在用户屏幕中，选择root账号，然后选择actions－>modify.你会得到一个警告框，最谨慎的回答就是no－不修改root账号。
Answer:
1. PART IV（使用受限制的sam编辑器）
Choose File --> Exit. to exit your current SAM session. Then type sam -r to start the
restricted SAM builder. (Note: you must be logged in as root to run the restricted SAM builder.)
退到现在的sam对话框。然后键入sam －r 启动受限制的sam编辑器（注意：你必须以root进入才能使用受限制的sam编辑器）
Answer:
2. The SAM builder should display a list of user names and templates. Just accept the
defaults for now and click OK.sam编辑器会显示一个用户名和模范列表。现在接受默认值并点击ok。
Answer:
3. Next, you will see a window listing each of the SAM functional areas. Note that some
functional areas are marked to be enabled (indicated by a green icon), some are disabled
(indicated by a red icon), and some are partially enabled (indicated by a yellow icon). In the
TUI interface, the status of a functional area is displayed in text form (enabled, disabled,
partially enabled). Start by choosing Actions --> Disable all. What happens to the
functional area icons?你将看到一个窗口列出了sam的每一个功能区。注意：一些功能区被标为可用状态（用绿色图标表示），一些被标为不可用（用红色表示），二一些被标为部分可用（黄色表示）选择actions->disable all,功能区图标发生什么变化？
Answer:
All the icons turn red.
4. Next, select the Process management icon with a single-click (GUI) or the space bar (TUI).
Choose Actions --> Enable. What happens to the Process Management icon?
单机（gui）或用空格建（tui）选择进程管理图标，选择actions->enable,进程管理图标发生了什么变化？
Answer:
The icon turns green.
5. Next, we need to enable automated backups. Go to the Backup and recovery functional
area, and select the Automated backup icon. Again go to the Actions menu and choose:
Actions --> Enable. Go back up to the main functional area window. What happened to
the Backup and recovery icon? Why is this icon marked as partially enabled?
下一步需要使自动备份可用。进入备份和恢复功能区，选择自动备份图标。进入action菜单，再次进入actions菜单选择：actions->enable.返回到主功能区窗口，备份和回复图标发生了什么变化?为什么这个图标被标为部分可用？
Answer:
The Backup and Recovery icon turns yellow. This indicates that some of the Backup and
Recovery functionality is enabled, but some functionality is disabled.
6. You can enable and disable as many functional areas as you wish in the restricted SAM
builder. Once you have enabled all the desired icons, choose Actions --> Save
privileges   你可以在受限制的sam编辑器里随意禁止或允许使用许多功能。当你启用了所有需要的图标后，选择actions->save privileges.
Answer:
7. The "Save privileges screen defines which user(s) will have access to the functional areas
you have selected. Select the operator user from the list , and click OK. (If you had multiple
operators, you could select multiple user names from the list while holding the shift key. If the
names are not together in thelist, hold the control key and select the names.) SAM saves the
privileges you selected, then returns you to the icon window. Exit the restricted SAM builder,
then log off your workstation or server.
Save privileges 屏幕定义哪些用户可以使用你已经选择的功能区。从列表中选择operator用户并点击ok(如果你有多个操作员，你可以按住shift键选择多个用户名：如果用户名在列表中不连续，按住control键进行选择).sam保存你选择的特权然后返回图标窗口。退出受限制的sam编辑器并退出你的工作站或服务器。
Answer:
8. Log in as operator and try running SAM by typing: /usr/sbin/sam. Which functional
areas are available for use by your operator user?以operator登录并运行sam，键入/usr/sbin/sam.用operator用户你能使用哪些功能区？
Answer:
Only the two functional areas we enabled appear when operator runs SAM.
9. Exit SAM, then try running SAM again by just typing sam. You will probably get an error
message, sh: sam: not found. Try typing /usr/sbin/sam. Can you explain why SAM
wouldn’t start in the first case, but would start in the second?
退出sam，然后键入sam，再次进入sam。你可能会得到一个错误消息，sh:sam:not found.试着输入/usr/sbin/sam.你能解释为什么sam不能在第一种情况下启动而在第二种情况下启动么？
Answer:
The /usr/sbin directory is not included in the user’s PATH variable.
10. Log out as user operator, then log back in again as user root.
Answer:
1. PART V查看sam的日志
Restart SAM. You will be in the functional area launcher. To view the SAM log, go to the
Options menu, and choose View SAM Log.重新启动sam，你会进入功能区平台。想查看sam的日志，进入option菜单，选择view sam log.
Answer:
2. Experiment with some of the buttons in the dialog box that appears. Which Message level
provides the most detail? Have any users other than root used SAM on your machine? When
does your SAM log begin?对一些对话框中出现的按钮做实验，那重级别的信息提供的最详细？是否还有除root以外的用户使用过sam？你的sam日志是何时开始得？
Answer:
The Commands Only message level gives the most detail. The box at the top of the screen
indicates when the SAM log began.
3. On an active system, the SAM log can grow quickly. You may want to automatically trim
the SAM log by choosing Options --> SAM Log Options.. Configure your system so SAM
automatically trims the SAM log to 100000 bytes.在活动的系统中，sam日志能很快增长。你可以通过options->sam log options 自动整理sam日志，配置系统使sam自动裁减sam日志到100000字节。
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Answer:
1. PART VI定制sam
From the functional area launcher, choose Actions --> Add Custom Application.
Answer:
2. Choose a name for your icon in the Label field.
Answer:
3. Enter the full pathname for the whodo command, /usr/sbin/whodo, in the Command
field.
Answer:
4. whodo is not a graphical utility, so choose Terminal Environments as the user interface.
Answer:
5. Skip the optional fields and click OK .
Answer:
6. Try your new icon.
Answer:
7. Create another custom SAM application that automatically runs the /usr/bin/cal
program for you to display a calendar of the current month.
Put your custom icon in the SAM’s Time functional area.
Answer:
Go to: Sam --> Time.
Choose: Actions --> Add Custom Application.
Fill in the fields as follows:
Label: Calendar
Command: /usr/bin/cal
Execute using: User’s ID
Supported interfaces: Terminal



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