Subnetting a Class B network address

Rambo

Takeaway: Subnetting a Class B network can involve some serious thought! As a network administrator, you'll have to know it and know it well. Todd Lammle walks you through clear instructions and simple examples to help you learn this skill.
In my
last Daily Drill Down
, we went step-by-step through subnetting a Class C network address. Be sure you have read the previous two Daily Drill Downs, which discussed
IP addressing
and
subnetting
, before reading this Daily Drill Down.
In this Daily Drill Down, we will continue to subnet IP addresses, but we will use Class B network addresses. Class B network addresses provide us with more subnet and host bits to manipulate, which can be fun, not painful, when it is done correctly.
Class B subnets
In my last Daily Drill Down, we borrowed bits from the host portion of a Class C network address. Class C network addresses only have eight bits to manipulate into subnets. However, a Class B has 16 bits to play with. This will allow more subnets with more hosts per subnet than a Class C network ever could.
Table 1 lists all of the possible Class B subnets:
Table 1
Mask
Binary
Subnets
Hosts per subnet
255.255.128.0
10000000.00000000
2
32,766
255.255.192.0
11000000.00000000
2
16,382
255.255.224.0
11100000.00000000
6
8,190
255.255.240.0
11110000.00000000
14
4,094
255.255.248.0
11111000.00000000
30
2,046
255.255.252.0
11111100.00000000
62
1,022
255.255.254.0
11111110.00000000
126
510
255.255.255.0
11111111.00000000
254
254
255.255.255.128
11111111.10000000
510
126
255.255.255.192
11111111.11000000
1022
62
255.255.255.224
11111111.11100000
2,046
30
255.255.255.240
11111111.11110000
4,094
14
255.255.255.248
11111111.11111000
8,190
6
255.255.255.252
11111111.11111100
16,382
2
All possible Class B subnets
There are quite a few more masks we can use with a Class B network address than we can with a Class C network address. Remember that this is not harder than subnetting with Class C, but it can get confusing if you don’t pay attention to where the subnet bits and host bits are in a mask. This takes practice!
In this Daily Drill Down, I will use the same techniques I used in the
Class C article
to subnet a network. We’ll start with the Class B subnet mask of 255.255.192.0 and figure out the subnets, broadcast address, and valid host range. We will answer the same five questions we answered for the Class C subnet masks:

How many subnets does this mask provide?

How many hosts per subnet does this mask provide?

What are the valid subnets?

What is the broadcast address for each subnet?

What is the host range of each subnet?
Before we answer these questions, there is one difference you need to be aware of when subnetting a Class B network address. When subnetting in the third octet, you need to add the fourth octet. For example, on the 255.255.192.0 mask, the subnetting will be done in the third octet. To create a valid subnet, you must add the fourth octet of all 0s and all 1s for the network and broadcast address (0 for all 0s and 255 for all 1s).
Example 1: Answers for the 255.255.192.0 mask

2-2=2 subnets

2-2=16,382 hosts per subnet

256-192=64.0, 128.0

Broadcast for the 64.0 subnet is 127.255. Broadcast for the 128.0 subnet is 191.255.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
64.0
128.0
first host
64.1
128.1
last host
127.254
191.254
broadcast
127.255
191.255
Notice that the numbers in the third octet are the same numbers we used in the fourth octet when subnetting the 192 mask. The only difference is that we add 0 and 255 in the fourth octet.
For the 64.0 subnet, all the hosts between 64.1 and 127.254 are in the 64 subnet. In the 128.0 subnet, the hosts are 128.1 through 191.254.
I know this is confusing, but I promise if you read this complete Daily Drill Down carefully, I can make it easier for you.
Work through a few more with me, and it should start to become clearer.
Example 2: 255.255.240.0

2-2=14 subnets

2-2=4094 hosts per subnet

256-240=16.0, 32.0, 48.0, 64.0, etc.

Broadcast for the 16.0 subnet is 31.255. Broadcast for the 32.0 subnet is 47.255, etc.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
16.0
32.0
48.0
64.0
first host
16.1
32.1
48.1
64.1
last host
31.254
47.254
63.254
79.254
broadcast
31.255
47.255
63.255
79.255
Example 3: 255.255.248.0

2-2=30 subnets

2-2=2,046 hosts per subnet

256-248=8.0, 16.0, 24.0, 32.0, 40.0, 48.0, 56.0, 64.0, etc.

Broadcast for the 8.0 subnet is 15.255. Broadcast for the 16.0 subnet is 23.255, etc.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
8.0
16.0
24.0
32.0
40.0
48.0
56.0
64.0
first host
8.1
16.1
24.1
32.1
40.1
48.1
56.1
64.1
last host
15.254
23.254
31.254
39.254
47.254
55.254
63.254
71.254
broadcast
15.255
23.255
31.255
39.255
47.255
55.255
63.255
71.255
Example 4: 255.255.252.0

2-2=62 subnets

2-2=1,022 hosts per subnet

256-252=4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 20.0, 24.0, 28.0, 32.0, etc.

Broadcast for the 4.0 subnet is 7.255. Broadcast for the 8.0 subnet is 11.255, etc.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
28.0
32.0
first host
4.1
8.1
12.1
16.1
20.1
24.1
28.1
32.1
last host
7.254
11.254
15.254
19.254
23.254
27.254
31.254
35.254
broadcast
7.255
11.255
15.255
19.255
23.255
27.255
31.255
35.255
Example 5: 255.255.255.0

2-2=254 subnets

2-2=254 hosts per subnet

256-255=1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, etc.

Broadcast for the 1.0 subnet is 1.255. Broadcast for the 2.0 subnet is 2.255, etc.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
first host
1.1
2.1
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
7.1
8.1
last host
1.254
21.254
3.254
4.254
5.254
6.254
7.254
8.254
broadcast
1.255
2.255
3.255
4.255
5.255
6.255
7.255
8.255
That last example was pretty simple. I hope you notice a pattern now. All the numbers were basically the same except we added the fourth octet into the address.
The more difficult process of subnetting a Class B network address is when you start using bits in the fourth octet for subnetting. For example, what happens when you use this mask with a Class B network address: 255.255.255.128? Is that valid? Absolutely! There are nine bits for subnetting and seven bits for hosts. That is 510 subnets, each with 126 hosts. However, it is the most difficult mask to figure out the valid hosts for.
Example 6: The Class B 255.255.255.128 subnet mask:

2-2=510 subnets

2-2=126 hosts per subnet

For the third octet, the mask would be 256-255=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.

For the fourth octet, the mask would be 256-128=128, which is one subnet if it is used. However, if you turn the subnet bit off, the value is 0. This means that for every subnet in the third octet, the fourth octet has two subnets: 0 and 128, for example 1.0 and 1.128.

Broadcast for the 0.128 subnet is 128.255; the broadcast for the 1.0 subnet is 1.127. Broadcast for the 1.128 subnet is 1.255, etc.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
0.128
1.0
1.128
2.0
2.128
3.0
3.128
4.0
first host
0.129
1.1
1.129
2.1
2.129
3.1
3.129
4.1
last host
0.254
1.126
1.254
2.126
2.254
3.126
3.254
4.126
broadcast
0.255
1.127
1.255
2.127
2.255
3.127
3.255
4.127
The thing to remember is that for every subnet in the third octet, there are two in the fourth octet: 0 and 128. For the 0 subnet, the broadcast address is always 127. For the 128 subnet, the broadcast address is always 255.
Let’s continue with more subnetting into the fourth octet. This is exactly like subnetting a Class C network address, but the third octet is part of the subnet address.
Example 7: Class B network 255.255.255.192

2-2=1022 subnets

2-2=62 hosts per subnet

256-255=1.0, 2.0, 3.0, etc. for the third octet. 256-192=64, 128, 192 for the fourth octet. For every valid subnet in the third octet, we get four subnets in the fourth octet: 0, 64, 128, and 192.

Broadcast for the 1.0 subnet is 1.63, since the next subnet is 1.64. Broadcast for the 1.64 subnet is 1.127, since the next subnet is 1.128. Broadcast for the 1.128 subnet is 1.191, since the next subnet is 1.192. Broadcast for the 1.192 subnet is 1.255.

The valid hosts are as follows:
Subnet
0.64
0.128
0.192
1.0
1.64
1.128
1.192
2.0
first host
0.65
0.129
0.193
1.1
1.65
1.129
1.193
2.1
last host
0.126
0.190
0.254
1.62
1.126
1.190
1.254
2.62
broadcast
0.127
0.191
0.255
1.63
1.127
1.191
1.255
2.63
On this one, the 0 and 192 subnets are valid, since we are using the third octet as well. The subnet range is 0.64 through 255.128. 0.0 is not valid since no subnet bits are on. 255.192 is not valid because then all subnet bits would be on.
Example 8: Class B network 255.255.255.224

2-2=2046 subnets

2-2=30 hosts per subnet

256-255=1.0, 2.0, 3.0, etc. for the third octet. 256-224=32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192 for the subnet value. (For every value in the third octet, we get eight subnets in the fourth octet: 0, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224.)

Broadcast for the 1.0 subnet is 1.63, since the next subnet is 1.64. Broadcast for the 1.64 subnet is 1.127, since the next subnet is 1.128. Broadcast for the 1.128 subnet is 1.191, since the next subnet is 1.192. Broadcast for the 1.192 subnet is 1.255.

The valid hosts are:
Subnet
0.32
0.64
0.96
0.128
0.160
0.192
0.224
1.0
first host
0.33
0.65
0.97
0.129
0.161
0.193
0.225
1.1
last host
0.62
0.94
0.126
0.158
0.190
0.222
0.254
1.30
broadcast
0.63
0.95
0.127
1.159
0.191
0.223
0.255
1.31
For this subnet mask, the 0 and 224 subnets are valid as long as not all subnet bits in the third octet are off or all subnet bits in the fourth octet are on.
When would we use this valuable information? All the time! For example, if you have a host configuration of 172.16.10.33 255.255.255.224, what subnet, broadcast address, and valid host range is this host a member of? (We would solve this question with the information presented above.)
256-224=32, 64
Bingo! In the fourth octet, the host address is 33. That is between 32 and 64, so the host is in the 32 subnet, which has a broadcast address of 63, and the valid host range is 33-62. Easy. Just remember that the subnet is 10.32 because the third octet is part of the subnet address.
Let’s try another one. You have a host configuration of 172.16.10.33 255.255.255.240. What subnet, broadcast address, and valid host range is this host a member of?
Since we did not go through this mask in this Daily Drill Down, you’ll have to figure it out on your own. It is done the same way as all the others.
256-240=16, 32, 48
Bingo! The host is in the 10.32 subnet, which has a broadcast address of 10.47 and a valid host range of 10.33 through 10.46.
Let’s keep going: You have a host configuration of 172.16.10.33 255.255.255.248. What subnet, broadcast address, and valid host range is this host a member of?
256-248=8, 16, 24, 32, 40
Bingo! The host is in the 10.32 subnet, which has a broadcast address of 10.39 and valid host range of 10.33 through 10.38. Easy, huh?
One more: You have a host configuration of 172.16.10.17 255.255.255.252. What subnet, broadcast address, and valid host range is this host a member of?
256-252=4, 8, 12, 16, 20
Bingo! You have a subnet of 10.16, with a broadcast of 10.19 and valid host range of 10.17 through 10.18.
Conclusion
This Daily Drill Down presented a continuation of IP addressing and subnetting, which has taken many Daily Drill Downs to discuss. I am still not done! My future Daily Drill Downs will discuss IP routing, which is the process of fragmenting packets of data and switching them through an internetwork.
To continue on with IP routing, you must have a fundamental understanding of the devices that work at each layer as well as IP addressing and subnetting. Look back and read my past Daily Drill Downs that include both Layer 2 and Layer 3 switching. For more in-depth information, please see my Sybex CCNA Study Guide

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