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Linux diff与patch的深入分析 [复制链接]

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发表于 2010-04-08 16:49 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
cat before.txt

  输出:

  This is a line to be deleted

  This is a line that will be changed

  This is a line that will be unchanged

  cat after.txt

  输出:

  This is a line that has been changed

  This is a line that will be unchanged

  This is a line that has been added

  ############################################

  diff before.txt after.txt

  输 出:

  1,2c1

  < This is a line to be deleted

  < This is a line that will be changed

  ---

  > This is a line that has been changed

  3a3

  > This is a line that has been added

  ############################################

  注释:

  传统格式的输出

  1,2c1是指替换第1个文件的第1,2行到第2个文件的第2行,这里的1,2是指第1个文件的第1,2行,c是替换的意思,最后的1是第2个文件的第1行

  <号是指第1个文件更改或删除的行

  ---号是分割两个文件

  >号是第2个文件中增加或删除的行

  3a3是指将第2个文件的第3行插入到第一个文件的第3行

  也就是说第1个文件的:

  < This is a line to be deleted

  < This is a line that will be changed

  被替换成第2个文件的:

  > This is a line that has been changed

  由于第1个文件的第3行和第2个文件的第2行一致,所以不做修改.

  由于第2个文件的第3行是第1个文件所不具有的,所以在第1个文件的最后一行增加:

  > This is a line that has been added2)patch命令的应用

  用diff的传统格式输出:

  #################################

  diff before.txt after.txt >mypatch.txt

  #################################

  用patch修补before.txt文件,使before.txt和after.txt一致.

  #################################

  cat mypatch.txt |patch before.txt

  输出:

  patching file before.txt

  #################################

  比较两个文件,现在是一致的了.

  #################################

  cmp before.txt after.txt

  #################################

  用patch命令恢复before.txt.

  #################################

  patch -R before.txt <mypatch.txt

  输出:

  patching file before.txt

  #################################

  注:-R标记告诉patch在反向上应用区别或者撤销patch.

  再比较两个文件,现在不一致了.

  #################################

  cmp before.txt after.txt

  输出:

  before.txt after.txt differ: byte 17, line 1

diff -u before.txt after.txt |tee mypatch.diff

  输出:

  --- before.txt 2009-06-20 05:21:49.000000000 +0800

  +++ after.txt 2009-06-20 04:03:16.000000000 +0800

  @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@

  -This is a line to be deleted

  -This is a line that will be changed

  +This is a line that has been changed

  This is a line that will be unchanged

  +This is a line that has been added

  #################################

  注释:

  diff -u选项是统一格式输出.

  --- before.txt 2009-06-20 05:21:49.000000000 +0800

  --- before.txt是指旧文件

  +++ after.txt 2009-06-20 04:03:16.000000000 +0800

  +++ after.txt是指新文件.

  @@ -1,3 +1,3 @@

  @@ -1,3是指第1个文件一共有3行,+1,3 @@是指第2个文件一共有3行.

  -This is a line to be deleted

  -This is a line that will be changed

  是被删除的行

  +This is a line that has been changed

  是增加的行

  This is a line that will be unchanged

  没有-号和+号是指该行不变,因为after.txt和before.txt都有这行.

  +This is a line that has been added

  是增加的行

  diff的统一格式比较与输出是按顺序进行的.

  4)diff命令在目录中的应用.

  新建old和new目录,old目录包含了初始内容,new目录包含文件的最新版本.

  ##########################################

  mkdir old new

  echo "This is one. It's unchanged." | tee old/one new/one

  echo "This is two. It will change." > old/two

  echo "This is two. It changed.">new/two

  echo "This is three. It's new" > new/three

  ##########################################

  创建修补文件

  ##########################################

  diff -Nur old/ new/ >mypatch.diff

  ##########################################

  注:-r选项按照文件目录递归创建修补文件.

  -u还是统一模式

  -N是指当diff遇到一个只存在于两个树中的一个树中的文件时,默认情况下跳过文件并且打印一个警告到stderr.

  这个行为可以通过-N选项来更改,这也导致了diff认为丢失的文件实际上是存在的,但它是空的.采用这种方式,

  一个修补文件可以包括已经创建的文件.然后应用修补程序创建新的文件.

  ##########################################

  more mypatch.diff

  输出:

  diff -Nur old/three new/three

  --- old/three 1970-01-01 08:00:00.000000000 +0800

  +++ new/three 2009-06-20 06:55:34.000000000 +0800

  @@ -0,0 +1 @@

  +This is three. It's new

  diff -Nur old/two new/two

  --- old/two 2009-06-20 06:55:08.000000000 +0800

  +++ new/two 2009-06-20 06:55:21.000000000 +0800

  @@ -1 +1 @@

  -This is two. It will change.

  +This is two. It changed.

  ##########################################

注释:

  diff -Nur old/three new/three是指下面比较old/three new/three两个文件.

  因为没有old/three文件,所以在old/three中增加+This is three. It's new

  diff -Nur old/two new/two是指下面比较old/two new/two两个文件

  因为old/two与new/two的第3行不一致,所以删除This is two. It will change.增加This is two. It changed.

  打补丁到old目录,新建old/three以及更改old/two

  ##########################################

  patch --dir old< mypatch.diff

  ls -l old/

  输出:

  one three two

  ##########################################

  恢复old目录的内容,包括删除old/three,以及恢复old/two文件

  ##########################################

  patch --dir old -R <mypatch.diff

  输出:

  ls -l old/

  one two

  ##########################################

  5)检查和合并更改

  用vim突出显示单个字符的更改来表示区别.

  ##########################################

  vim -d after.txt before.txt

  ##########################################

  用gui工具gvimdiff来显示两个文件.

  ##########################################

  gvimdiff after.txt before.txt

  ##########################################

  新建文件orig.c

  ##########################################

  vi orig.c

  void foo(void)

  {

  printf("This will be changed by me. n");

  printf("This will be unchanged,n");

  printf("This will be changed by you.n");

  }

  ##########################################

  复制文件orig.c到me.c,更改第4行为printf("This was changed by me. n");

  ##########################################

  vi me.c

  void foo(void)

  {

  printf("This was changed by me. n");

  printf("This will be unchanged,n");

  printf("This will be changed by you.n");

  }

  ##########################################

  复制文件orig.c到you.c,更改第7行为printf("This was changed by you.n");

  ##########################################

  vi you.c

  void foo(void)

  {

  printf("This will be changed by me. n");

  printf("This will be unchanged,n");

  printf("This was changed by you.n");

  }

diff3 me.c orig.c you.c

  输出:

  ====1

  1:3c

  printf("This was changed by me. n");

  2:3c

  3:3c

  printf("This will be changed by me. n");

  ====3

  1:7c

  2:7c

  printf("This will be changed by you.n");

  3:7c

  printf("This was changed by you.n");

  注:

  在没有参数的情况下,diff3产生的输出说明了那行更改.

  ====1和====3指明造成同原始文件不同的是哪一个修改文件.

  编号方式基于参数序列.

  也就是第1个文件和第3个文件与原文件不同.

  1:3c

  printf("This was changed by me. n");

  3:3c

  printf("This will be changed by me. n");

  1:3c表示第1个文件的第3行与3:3c表示的第3个文件的第3行不同.

  为什么不显示与原文件的比较呢。因为第3个文件的第3行与源文件(第2个文件)相同.所以与哪个文件比较无所谓了.

  2:7c

  printf("This will be changed by you.n");

  3:7c

  printf("This was changed by you.n");

  2:7c表示第2个文件的第7行与3:7c表示的第3个文件的第7行不同.

  diff3会试图为我们进行合并.合并是在源文件的基础上,依据两个新文件进行修改

  源文件是第二个文件,第一个文件和第三个文件可以互换,但他们必须有共同的祖先,就是第二个文件.

  #######################################

  diff3 -m me.c orig.c you.c |cat -n

  输出:

  1 void foo(void)

  2 {

  3 printf("This was changed by me. n");

  4

  5 printf("This will be unchanged,n");

  6

  7 printf("This was changed by you.n");

  8 }

  ########################################为了测试更复杂的环境,新建一个文件orig.c.1

  内容如下:

  ########################################

  vi orig.c.1

  void foo(void)

  {

  printf("This will be changed by both of us.n");

  }

  ########################################

  用diff3 -m再次比较输出,如下:

  ########################################

  diff3 -m me.c orig.c.1 you.c

  void foo(void)

  {

  <<<<<<< me.c

  printf("This was changed by me. n");

  printf("This will be unchanged,n");

  printf("This will be changed by you.n");

  ||||||| orig.c.1

  printf("This will be changed by both of us.n");

  =======

  printf("This will be changed by me. n");

  printf("This will be unchanged,n");

  printf("This was changed by you.n");

  >>>>>>> you.c

  }




转自 浦华众城  linux学习
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