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开发系统:
Ubuntu Release 9.10(Karmic)
1.Gtk+简介
Gtk+采用的是LGPL协议的自由软件包,是GNU项目的一部分。它是两大跨平台GUI toolkit之一,另一个是QT,但是QT并不是所有的版本都是开源的,分为开源版和商业版。 Linux流行的GNOME桌面环境采用的就是Gtk+开发的,Google的Linux版Chrome浏览器也是基于Gtk+开发的。 Gtk+提供了几乎所有流行开发语言(如C++,Python,C#,Java等)的绑定包,但是其native语言还是C。C也是操作系统的编写语言,Linux,Windows都是用C编写出来的。
Gtk+在Windows世界里相当于MFC或WPF。
2.LGPL 与GPL协议
这是Linux软件最常使用的两种开源协议,当然还有其它的BSD,Apache,MIT。
GPL全称是General Public License,Linux采用的就是GPL协议,一旦使用了含有GPL协议的代码或类库,本身也必需开源,这是所谓的传染性。
LGPL是Lesser GPL,比GPL宽松的协议,采用了LGPL代码的软件可以是闭源的。底层的类库一般就采用LGPL协议,如Gtk+和开源版的QT。
有意思的是,2009年很多公司并没有遵守GPL等开源协议:
微软Windows 7的USB/DVD下载安装工具使用了GNU的代码,一开始并没有开放源码,在Open Source人士的强烈抗议之后,重新发布了该工具的开源版本。
射手播放器项目公开谴责腾讯的QQ影音违反开源协议。在11月份,腾讯被ffmpeg发现并列入耻辱版。腾讯是一家全球IT市值排名17的公司,大陆唯一一个入围全球IT市值20强的公司。
软件自由法律中心起诉百思买集团,三星电子美国,西屋电子,JVC美国,西部数据,台湾合勤科技违反GPL等。
aMule作者要求VeryCD开源,指出VeryCD是以aMule为基础构建的。
”绿霸“被指责使用了OpenCV的haar分类过滤器,却没有遵守OpenCV的BSD协议,在版权信息中加入BSD许可证。
3.Glade3介绍
Glade是为Gtk+和GNOME开发出来的UI快速开发工具,它的全称是Glade Interface Designer。
它包含了Button,Label,Radio等所有控件,对齐方式以及设置消息函数。Glade3文件是一个纯XML描述的文件,Glade3版本之前,据说可以直接转成代码.h和.c。但是Glade3已经去掉这个功能了,为了UI设计跟代码完全分离出来,也比较符合现代编程思想和风格。
Glade3在Windows里相当与Blend2,它可以设计出WPF的UI。其中Blend2也是用XML描述的,叫XAML语言或文件。
使用Glade3的一点注意事项:
一开始建立的Windows窗口需要使用Contaner面板里面的一个Fixed功能先固定住,这样再添加其它控件的时候比较方便,不会出现一个Button覆盖住一个Windows窗口的情况,并且无法调节其大小。如果固定住Windows窗口,点击正中间上方的Drag and Resize就可以拖动了。
4.安装Gtk+编程的依赖包
// Anjuta IDE
sudo apt-get install anjuta
// Build tools
sudo apt-get install autogen automake build-essential indent intltool
sudo apt-get install gnome-core-devel
sudo apt-get install pkg-config
// Help documents
sudo apt-get install devhelp
sudo apt-get install libglib2.0-doc libgtk2.0-doc
// Glade
sudo apt-get install glade libglade2-dev
// Gtk+ for C++
sudo apt-get install libglademm-2.4-dev libgnomemm-2.6-dev intltool
sudo apt-get install libgtkmm-2.4-doc libcairomm-1.0-doc libglib2.0-doc libgnome2-doc libsigc++-2.0-doc
5.命令行编译与makefile
测试Gtk+的编译环境,新建一个base.c的空文档,插入以下代码。
#include
int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
{
GtkWidget *window=NULL;
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
gtk_widget_show (window);
gtk_main ();
return 0;
}
打开终端,进入base.c的当前文件目录,运行下面的gcc命令:
gcc base.c -o base `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
则生成一个base的可执行文件,运行./base,测试运行结果,可以看见一个窗口界面。表明Gtk+开发环境配置正确。
也可以将编译、链接命令写成makefile,如下:
CC = gcc
all:
$(CC) base.c -o base `pkg-config --cflags --libs gtk+-2.0`
在终端直接运行make命令,就可以生产base的可执行文件。
6.Anjuta IDE编程
6.1 测试Anjuta的环境
1. 新建Gtk+工程
File → New → Project → C → Gtk+2.0
Anjuta为我们创建了一个包含所有文件的文件夹。
2.打开Src文件夹,包含了main.c和gtk_foobar.ui这两个常要用到的文件,以及callbacks.c和callbacks.h,Makefile.am文件。
从create_window()函数里的代码可以看出,*.ui是用GtkBuilder的gtk_builder_add_from_file()来读取的。
builder = gtk_builder_new ();
if (!gtk_builder_add_from_file (builder, UI_FILE, &error))
{
g_warning ("Couldn't load builder file: %s", error->message);
g_error_free (error);
}
3. 点击Build菜单,编译main.c文件和prjoct文件。Build成功后,再打开Run菜单,执行Execute,生产一个名字为Windows的窗口。这就是默认的Gtk+窗口。
6.2 编写一个UI界面,含Menu,Button,Label控件,实现Button的Click事件响应。
Menu是通过加入MenuBar控件,在小窗口的树状层次结构,右键点击Edit来添加子菜单。
Button,Label是直接脱控件实现。给Menu,Buton,Label取好名字就可以了,便于编程理解。
6.3 添加为名为button_Up的Button的Click响应:
Step 1:
在button属性的页面,选Signals标签,在GtkButton的clicked属性添加名为button_Up_clicked_cb()的call back 函数,anjuta会在main.c中添加一个空函数。
Step 2:
在create_window()函数里建立button和label的signal_connect连接:
// Get label_Status object
GObject* label_Status_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "label_Status");
// Get button objects
GObject* button_Up_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Up");
// Connect signals (buttons --> label)
g_signal_connect (button_Up_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Up_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);
g_signal_connect()函数里,将label_Status作为user data传递过去。
Step 3:
在click函数里处理事件:
void
button_Up_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Up!");
}
至此,代码实现已经基本完成,雷同的部分作相应的处理。
7.程序实例
源码在附录。
8.参考文献:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gtk%2B
http://www.gtk.org/
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1047410.htm
http://glade.gnome.org/
http://www.awflasher.com/blog/archives/939
开源时代2010.01(总第十六期)
http://www.freeoa.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=66:bsd&catid=5:commercepudct&Itemid=2
Devhelp
http://blog.csdn.net/Linuxdianc/archive/2009/12/21/5047600.aspx
https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/views/opensource/libraryview.jsp?type_by=文档库
&view_by=search&search_by=GTK%2B+
基础
附录
main.c 源码:
/* -*- Mode: C; indent-tabs-mode: t; c-basic-offset: 4; tab-width: 4 -*- */
/*
* main.c
* Copyright (C) alex 2010
*
* gtk-foobar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
* under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
* Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* gtk-foobar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
* with this program. If not, see .
*/
#include sys/types.h>
#include sys/stat.h>
#include unistd.h>
#include string.h>
#include stdio.h>
#include config.h>
#include gtk/gtk.h>
/*
* Standard gettext macros.
*/
#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
# include libintl.h>
# undef _
# define _(String) dgettext (PACKAGE, String)
# ifdef gettext_noop
# define N_(String) gettext_noop (String)
# else
# define N_(String) (String)
# endif
#else
# define textdomain(String) (String)
# define gettext(String) (String)
# define dgettext(Domain,Message) (Message)
# define dcgettext(Domain,Message,Type) (Message)
# define bindtextdomain(Domain,Directory) (Domain)
# define _(String) (String)
# define N_(String) (String)
#endif
#include "callbacks.h"
/* For testing propose use the local (not installed) ui file */
/* #define UI_FILE PACKAGE_DATA_DIR"/gtk_foobar/ui/gtk_foobar.ui" */
#define UI_FILE "src/gtk_foobar.ui"
void
button_Up_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data);
void
button_Middle_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data);
void
button_Bottom_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data);
GtkWidget*
create_window (void)
{
GtkWidget *window;
GtkBuilder *builder;
GError* error = NULL;
builder = gtk_builder_new ();
if (!gtk_builder_add_from_file (builder, UI_FILE, &error))
{
g_warning ("Couldn't load builder file: %s", error->message);
g_error_free (error);
}
/* This is important */
gtk_builder_connect_signals (builder, NULL);
window = GTK_WIDGET (gtk_builder_get_object (builder, "window"));
// Get label_Status object
GObject* label_Status_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "label_Status");
// Get button objects
GObject* button_Up_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Up");
GObject* button_Middle_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Middle");
GObject* button_Bottom_obj = gtk_builder_get_object(builder, "button_Bottom");
// Connect signals (buttons --> label)
g_signal_connect (button_Up_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Up_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);
g_signal_connect (button_Middle_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Middle_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);
g_signal_connect (button_Bottom_obj, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(button_Bottom_clicked_cb), label_Status_obj);
g_object_unref (builder);
return window;
}
int
main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
GtkWidget *window;
#ifdef ENABLE_NLS
bindtextdomain (GETTEXT_PACKAGE, PACKAGE_LOCALE_DIR);
bind_textdomain_codeset (GETTEXT_PACKAGE, "UTF-8");
textdomain (GETTEXT_PACKAGE);
#endif
gtk_set_locale ();
gtk_init (&argc, &argv);
window = create_window ();
gtk_widget_show (window);
gtk_main ();
return 0;
}
void
button_Up_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Up!");
}
void
button_Middle_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Middle!");
}
void
button_Bottom_clicked_cb (GtkButton *self, gpointer user_data)
{
GtkWidget* labelForStatus = GTK_WIDGET(user_data);
gtk_label_set_text(GTK_LABEL(labelForStatus), "Bottom!");
}
gtk_foobar.ui 源码:
?xml version="1.0"?>
interface>
requires lib="gtk+" version="2.16"/>
!-- interface-naming-policy project-wide -->
object class="GtkWindow" id="window">
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="title" translatable="yes">Alex Du's Test
499
400
True
gtk-ok
95
39
True
True
True
True
290
292
270
45
True
This is from Alex Du's test!/property>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">108/property>
property name="y">193/property>
/packing>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkButton" id="button_Cancel">
property name="label">gtk-cancel/property>
property name="width_request">96/property>
property name="height_request">38/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="can_focus">True/property>
property name="receives_default">True/property>
property name="use_stock">True/property>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">396/property>
property name="y">293/property>
/packing>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkMenuBar" id="menubar1">
property name="width_request">97/property>
property name="height_request">34/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
child>
object class="GtkMenuItem" id="menuitem1">
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Place/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
child type="submenu">
object class="GtkMenu" id="menu1">
property name="visible">True/property>
child>
object class="GtkImageMenuItem" id="imagemenuitem1">
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Up/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
property name="image">image1/property>
property name="use_stock">False/property>
/object>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkImageMenuItem" id="imagemenuitem2">
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Middle/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
property name="image">image2/property>
property name="use_stock">False/property>
/object>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkImageMenuItem" id="imagemenuitem3">
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Bottom/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
property name="image">image3/property>
property name="use_stock">False/property>
/object>
/child>
/object>
/child>
/object>
/child>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">41/property>
property name="y">17/property>
/packing>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkButton" id="button_Up">
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Up/property>
property name="width_request">76/property>
property name="height_request">41/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="can_focus">True/property>
property name="receives_default">True/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
property name="yalign">0.47999998927116394/property>
signal name="clicked" handler="button_Up_clicked_cb"/>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">42/property>
property name="y">65/property>
/packing>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkButton" id="button_Middle">
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Middel/property>
property name="width_request">83/property>
property name="height_request">43/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="can_focus">True/property>
property name="receives_default">True/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
signal name="clicked" handler="button_Middle_clicked_cb"/>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">124/property>
property name="y">65/property>
/packing>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkButton" id="button_Bottom">
property name="label" translatable="yes">_Bottom/property>
property name="width_request">82/property>
property name="height_request">40/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="can_focus">True/property>
property name="receives_default">True/property>
property name="use_underline">True/property>
signal name="clicked" handler="button_Bottom_clicked_cb"/>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">213/property>
property name="y">67/property>
/packing>
/child>
child>
object class="GtkLabel" id="label_Status">
property name="width_request">109/property>
property name="height_request">42/property>
property name="visible">True/property>
/object>
packing>
property name="x">18/property>
property name="y">292/property>
/packing>
/child>
/object>
/child>
/object>
object class="GtkImage" id="image1">
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="stock">gtk-missing-image/property>
/object>
object class="GtkImage" id="image2">
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="stock">gtk-missing-image/property>
/object>
object class="GtkImage" id="image3">
property name="visible">True/property>
property name="stock">gtk-missing-image/property>
/object>
/interface>
本文来自ChinaUnix博客,如果查看原文请点:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u3/100915/showart_2158659.html |
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