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构建嵌入式Linux根文件系统 [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-02-02 16:27 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
移植好了UBOOT和内核之后,便是构建linux根文件系统了。以
http://blog.chinaunix.net/u1/34474/showart_485837.html
文章为基础进行修改。
1)创建根文件系统的基本目录结构。
我把这个过程做成了shell脚本(文件名为mkroot) ,很方便!
#! /bin/sh
    echo "creatint rootfs dir......"
    mkdir rootfs
    cd rootfs
    echo "making dir : bin dev etc lib proc sbin sys usr"
    mkdir bin dev etc lib proc sbin sys usr #必备的8个目录
    mkdir usr/bin usr/lib usr/sbin lib/modules
# Don't use mknod ,unless you run this Script as root !
# mknod -m 600 dev/console c 5 1
# mknod -m 666 dev/null c 1 3

    echo "making dir : mnt tmp var"
    mkdir mnt tmp var
    chmod 1777 tmp
    mkdir mnt/etc mnt/jffs2 mnt/yaffs mnt/data mnt/temp
    mkdir var/lib var/lock var/log var/run var/tmp
    chmod 1777 var/tmp

    echo "making dir : home root boot"
    mkdir home root boot
    echo "done"

在你想要建立根文件系统的地方,运行:
[HongGe@Hzh1024n]$ ./mkroot
creatint rootfs dir......
making dir : bin dev etc lib proc sbin sys usr
making dir : mnt tmp var
making dir : home root boot
done
[HongGe@Hzh1024n]$ cd rootfs/dev/
[HongGe@Hzh1024n dev]$ su
口令:
[root@Hzh1024n dev]# mknod -m 600 console c 5 1;mknod -m 666 null c 1 3;exit
exit
[HongGe@Hzh1024n dev]$
2)配置、编译和安装Busybox-1.9.0
[HongGe@Hzh1024n source]$ tar -xjvf busybox-1.9.0.tar.bz2
修改Makefile文件:
[HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ pwd
/home/work/hzh1024n/source/busybox-1.9.0
[HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ kwrite Makefile
......(第174行附近)
#ARCH        ?= $(SUBARCH)
#CROSS_COMPILE    ?=
ARCH         = arm
CROSS_COMPILE =
/usr/local/arm/3.3.2/bin/arm-linux-
[HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ make menuconfig

在原有的基础上修改如下:

Busybox Settings --->
      Installation Options --->
           
  • Don't use /usr
               (/home/work/hzh1024n/rootfs) BusyBox installation prefix
            Busybox Library Tuning  --->
               
  • Support for /etc/networks
               
  •    Additional editing keys     
               
  •    vi-style line editing commands   
               (15)  History size  
               
  •    History saving  
               
  •    Tab completion
               
  •      Username completion  
               
  •    Fancy shell prompts

    Linux Module Utilities  --->  
          [N] Support version 2.2.x to 2.4.x Linux kernels
    Shells  --->
          ---   Ash Shell Options 下的选项全选
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ make
    ......
      LINK busybox_unstripped
    Trying libraries: crypt m
    Library crypt is needed
    Library m is needed
    Final link with: crypt m
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ make install
    3)安装glibc库
      在开发板上只需要加载器和动态库,假设要构建的根文件系统目录为/home/work/hzh1024n/rootfs,操作如下:
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ cd /usr/local/arm/3.3.2/arm-linux/lib
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n lib]$ cp *.so* /home/work/hzh1024n/rootfs/lib -d
    上面复制的库文件不是每个都会被用到,可以根据应用程序对库的依赖关系保留需要用到的。通过ldd命令可以查看一个程序会用到哪些库,主机自带的ldd命令不能查看交叉编译出来的程序,有以下两种替代方法
    *如果有uClibc-0.9.28的代码,可以进入utils子目录生成ldd.host工具。
    $cd uClibc-0.9.28/utils
    $make ldd.host
    然后将生成的ldd.host放到主机/usr/local/bin目录下即可
    $ldd.host busybox
    *也可以使用下面命令
    $arm-linux-readelf -a "your binary" | grep "shared"
    比如对于动态链接的Busybox,它的库依赖关系如下。
    0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libcrypt.so.1]
    0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libm.so.6]
    0x00000001 (NEEDED) Shared library: [libc.so.6]

    4)修改和创建必要的文件。

      
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ cp -a examples/bootfloppy/etc/* /home/work/hzh1024n/rootfs/etc/
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n busybox-1.9.0]$ cd /home/work/hzh1024n/rootfs/etc/
    1、增加为SHELL导入全局变量的文件/etc/profile
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n etc]$ kwrite profile
      
    # /etc/profile: system-wide .profile file for the Bourne shells
    echo
    echo "Processing /etc/profile... "
    # no-op
    # Set search library path
    echo "Set search library path in /etc/profile"
    export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/lib:/usr/lib
    # Set user path
    echo "Set user path in /etc/profile"
    PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin
    export PATH
    # Set PS1
    #注意:ash 除了SHELL变量外,支持\u、\h、\W、\$、\!、\n、\w 、\nnn(ASCII字符对应的八进制数)
    #以及\e[xx;xxm (彩色特效)等等!
    #而且前面还要多加一个 '\'!
    echo "Set PS1 in /etc/profile"
    export PS1="\\e[05;32m[$USER@\\w\\a]\\$\\e[00;34m"

    echo "Done"
    echo

    2、增加初始化文件
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n etc]$ kwrite inittab
    ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
    ::restart:/sbin/init
    ::askfirst:-/bin/sh
    ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
    ::shutdown:/bin/umount -a -r
    ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff -a

      
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n etc]$ kwrite fstab
    proc  /proc proc defaults    0 0
    tmpfs /tmp tmpfs defaults 0 0
    sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
    tmpfs /dev tmpfs  defaults 0 0

      
    3、增加初始化脚本
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n etc]$ kwrite init.d/rcS
    #! /bin/sh
    ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.67
    echo "----------mount all"
    /bin/mount -a
    /bin/mkdir /dev/pts
    echo "----------Starting mdev......"
    /bin/mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
    /bin/echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
    mdev -s
    echo "*********************************************************"
    echo "  HongGe Hzh1024n rootfs    "
    echo "   Wellcome  ! !         "
    echo "********************************************************"

    4、删除备份文件
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n etc]$ rm *~ init.d/*~

    5、为mdev创建配置文件
    [HongGe@Hzh1024n etc]$ vi mdev.conf
    创建一个mdev.conf文件,内容可有可无。

    到此为止一个基本的根文件系统已经制作成功,下一步是挂载jffs2根文件系统。
    如果要以挂载JFFS2格式的根文件系统,其基本方法就是将这个建立好的根文件系统制作成jffs2镜像,烧到FLASH中,改改Linux的启动参数即可。

    具体做法如下:
    一、宿主机HOST编译制做MTD工具


    http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/
    下载mtd-utils 的tarball,可以下载最新的。然后解压,并在其目录下 make 就好!

    二、制作根文件系统的JFFS2镜像。

    使用MTD工具中的mkfs.jffs2命令,具体做法如下:
    mkfs.jffs2 -r /home/work/hzh1024n/rootfs -o rootfs.jffs2 -e 0x4000 --pad=0x500000 -s 0x200 -n

    各参数的意义:
    (1)-r : 指定要做成image的源資料夾.
    (2)-o : 指定輸出image檔案的文件名.
    (3)-e : 每一塊要抹除的block size,預設是64KB.要注意,不同的flash, 其block size會不一樣.我的是三星的K9F1208U0B.
    (4)--pad (-p): 用16進制來表示所要輸出檔案的大小,也就是root.jffs2的size。很重要的是, 為了不浪費flash空間, 這個值最好符合flash driver所規劃的區塊大小.以我的板子來說,就是5MB.
    (5)如果挂载后会出现类似:CLEANMARKER node found at 0x0042c000 has totlen 0xc != normal 0x0  的警告,则加上 -n 就会消失。
    (6) 还有的选项,自己看帮助!-h

    三、烧写JFFS2镜像到NAND FLASH。
    将 rootfs.jffs2烧写到FLASH中,注意内核挂载文件系统的参数,按照参数把文件系统烧写到相关的位置当中。然后启动开发板。
    Uncompressing Linux........................................................................................................ done, booting the kernel.
    Linux version 2.6.22.6 (HongGe
    [email=HongGe@Hzh1024n]@Hzh1024n[/email]
    ) (gcc version 3.3.2) #1 Wed Feb 07 11:18:36 CST 2008
    CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177
    Machine: Hzh1024n
    Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback
    CPU S3C2440A (id 0x32440001)
    S3C244X: core 405.000 MHz, memory 101.250 MHz, peripheral 50.625 MHz
    S3C24XX Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
    CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on
    CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache
    CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
    CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets
    Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 16256
    Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=jffs2 rw console=ttySAC0,115200 init=/linuxrc mem=64M
    irq: clearing pending ext status 00000200
    irq: clearing subpending status 00000003
    irq: clearing subpending status 00000002
    PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 1024 bytes)
    timer tcon=00500000, tcnt a4ca, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001e57
    Console: colour dummy device 80x30
    console [ttySAC0] enabled
    Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes)
    Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
    Memory: 64MB = 64MB total
    Memory: 61464KB available (2960K code, 306K data, 120K init)
    Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
    CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok
    net_namespace: 64 bytes
    NET: Registered protocol family 16
    S3C2410 Power Management, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
    S3C2440: Initialising architecture
    S3C2440: IRQ Support
    S3C2440: Clock Support, DVS off
    S3C24XX DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
    DMA channel 0 at c4800000, irq 33
    DMA channel 1 at c4800040, irq 34
    DMA channel 2 at c4800080, irq 35
    DMA channel 3 at c48000c0, irq 36
    usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
    usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
    usbcore: registered new device driver usb
    NET: Registered protocol family 2
    IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
    TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 2, 16384 bytes)
    TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes)
    TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048)
    TCP reno registered
    NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision)
    JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) ©; 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
    fuse init (API version 7.9)
    yaffs Feb 15 2008 10:10:34 Installing.
    io scheduler noop registered
    io scheduler anticipatory registered (default)
    io scheduler deadline registered
    io scheduler cfq registered
    Serial: 8250/16550 driver $Revision: 1.90 $ 4 ports, IRQ sharing enabled
    s3c2440-uart.0: s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2440
    s3c2440-uart.1: s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2440
    s3c2440-uart.2: s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2440
    RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize
    loop: module loaded
    dm9000 Ethernet Driver
    eth0: dm9000 at f6100300,f6100304 IRQ 51 MAC: 08:08:08:08:12:27
    Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00alpha2
    ide: Assuming 50MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
    S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
    s3c2440-nand s3c2440-nand: Tacls=1, 9ns Twrph0=4 39ns, Twrph1=1 9ns
    NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x76 (Samsung NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit)
    Scanning device for bad blocks
    Bad eraseblock 3579 at 0x037ec000
    Creating 7 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit":
    0x00000000-0x00020000 : "U-Boot-1.2.0"
    0x00020000-0x00030000 : "U-Boot-1.2.0 Parameter"
    0x00030000-0x00500000 : "Linux2.6.22.6 Kernel"
    0x00500000-0x00a00000 : "Root(cramfs)"
    0x00a00000-0x00f00000 : "Root(JFFS2)"
    0x00f00000-0x01400000 : "Root(YAFFS)"
    0x01400000-0x04000000 : "DATA"
    usbmon: debugfs is not available
    s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: S3C24XX OHCI
    s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
    s3c2410-ohci s3c2410-ohci: irq 42, io mem 0x49000000
    usb usb1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice
    hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
    hub 1-0:1.0: 2 ports detected
    mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice
    S3C24XX RTC, (c) 2004,2006 Simtec Electronics
    s3c2410-rtc s3c2410-rtc: rtc disabled, re-enabling
    s3c2410-rtc s3c2410-rtc: rtc core: registered s3c as rtc0
    s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: slave address 0x10
    s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: bus frequency set to 98 KHz
    s3c2440-i2c s3c2440-i2c: i2c-0: S3C I2C adapter
    S3C2410 Watchdog Timer, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics
    s3c2410-wdt s3c2410-wdt: watchdog inactive, reset disabled, irq enabled
    TCP cubic registered
    NET: Registered protocol family 1
    RPC: Registered udp transport module.
    RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
    s3c2410-rtc s3c2410-rtc: setting system clock to 2008-02-17 12:46:08 UTC (1203252368)
    VFS: Mounted root (jffs2 filesystem).
    Freeing init memory: 120K
    init started: BusyBox v1.9.1 (2008-02-16 15:04:08 CST)
    starting pid 779, tty '': '/etc/init.d/rcS'
    ----------mount all
    ----------Starting mdev......
    *********************************************************
      HongGe Hzh1024n rootfs
         Wellcome  ! !

    ********************************************************
    starting pid 783, tty '': '/bin/login'
    (none) login: root
    Password:
    login[783]: root login on 'console'
    Processing /etc/profile...
    Set search library path in /etc/profile
    Set user path in /etc/profile
    Set PS1 in /etc/profile
    Done
    [root@~]#
    成功!!!







    本文来自ChinaUnix博客,如果查看原文请点:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u1/53989/showart_1810231.html
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