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ip route - routing table management
Manipulate route entries in the kernel routing tables keep information about paths to other networked nodes.
Route types:
unicast - the route entry describes real paths to the destinations covered by the route prefix.
unreachable - these destinations are unreachable. Packets are discarded and the ICMP message host unreachable is
generated. The local senders get an EHOSTUNREACH error.
blackhole - these destinations are unreachable. Packets are discarded silently. The local senders get an EINVAL
error.
prohibit - these destinations are unreachable. Packets are discarded and the ICMP message communication adminis-
tratively prohibited is generated. The local senders get an EACCES error.
local - the destinations are assigned to this host. The packets are looped back and delivered locally.
broadcast - the destinations are broadcast addresses. The packets are sent as link broadcasts.
throw - a special control route used together with policy rules. If such a route is selected, lookup in this table
is terminated pretending that no route was found. Without policy routing it is equivalent to the absence of the
route in the routing table. The packets are dropped and the ICMP message net unreachable is generated. The local
senders get an ENETUNREACH error.
nat - a special NAT route. Destinations covered by the prefix are considered to be dummy (or external) addresses
which require translation to real (or internal) ones before forwarding. The addresses to translate to are
selected with the attribute via.
anycast - not implemented the destinations are anycast addresses assigned to this host. They are mainly equiva-
lent to local with one difference: such addresses are invalid when used as the source address of any packet.
multicast - a special type used for multicast routing. It is not present in normal routing tables.
Route tables: Linux-2.x can pack routes into several routing tables identified by a number in the range from 1 to 255 or
by name from the file /etc/iproute2/rt_tables main table (ID 254) and the kernel only uses this table when calculating
routes.
Actually, one other table always exists, which is invisible but even more important. It is the local table (ID 255).
This table consists of routes for local and broadcast addresses. The kernel maintains this table automatically and the
administrator usually need not modify it or even look at it.
The multiple routing tables enter the game when policy routing is used.
ip route add - add new route
ip route change - change route
ip route replace - change or add new one
to TYPE PREFIX (default)
the destination prefix of the route. If TYPE is omitted, ip assumes type unicast. Other values of TYPE are listed
above. PREFIX is an IP or IPv6 address optionally followed by a slash and the prefix length. If the length of the
prefix is missing, ip assumes a full-length host route. There is also a special PREFIX default - which is equiva-
lent to IP 0/0 or to IPv6 ::/0.
tos TOS
dsfield TOS
the Type Of Service (TOS) key. This key has no associated mask and the longest match is understood as: First, com-
pare the TOS of the route and of the packet. If they are not equal, then the packet may still match a route with a
zero TOS. TOS is either an 8 bit hexadecimal number or an identifier from /etc/iproute2/rt_dsfield.
metric NUMBER
preference NUMBER
the preference value of the route. NUMBER is an arbitrary 32bit number.
table TABLEID
the table to add this route to. TABLEID may be a number or a string from the file /etc/iproute2/rt_tables. If
this parameter is omitted, ip assumes the main table, with the exception of local , broadcast and nat routes, which
are put into the local table by default.
dev NAME
the output device name.
via ADDRESS
the address of the nexthop router. Actually, the sense of this field depends on the route type. For normal uni-
cast routes it is either the true next hop router or, if it is a direct route installed in BSD compatibility mode,
it can be a local address of the interface. For NAT routes it is the first address of the block of translated IP
destinations.
src ADDRESS
the source address to prefer when sending to the destinations covered by the route prefix.
realm REALMID
the realm to which this route is assigned. REALMID may be a number or a string from the file
/etc/iproute2/rt_realms.
mtu MTU
mtu lock MTU
the MTU along the path to the destination. If the modifier lock is not used, the MTU may be updated by the kernel
due to Path MTU Discovery. If the modifier lock is used, no path MTU discovery will be tried, all packets will be
sent without the DF bit in IPv4 case or fragmented to MTU for IPv6.
window NUMBER
the maximal window for TCP to advertise to these destinations, measured in bytes. It limits maximal data bursts
that our TCP peers are allowed to send to us.
rtt NUMBER
the initial RTT ('Round Trip Time') estimate.
rttvar NUMBER (2.3.15+ only)
the initial RTT variance estimate.
ssthresh NUMBER (2.3.15+ only)
an estimate for the initial slow start threshold.
cwnd NUMBER (2.3.15+ only)
the clamp for congestion window. It is ignored if the lock flag is not used.
advmss NUMBER (2.3.15+ only)
the MSS ('Maximal Segment Size') to advertise to these destinations when establishing TCP connections. If it is
not given, Linux uses a default value calculated from the first hop device MTU. (If the path to these destination
is asymmetric, this guess may be wrong.)
reordering NUMBER (2.3.15+ only)
Maximal reordering on the path to this destination. If it is not given, Linux uses the value selected with sysctl
variable net/ipv4/tcp_reordering.
nexthop NEXTHOP
the nexthop of a multipath route. NEXTHOP is a complex value with its own syntax similar to the top level argument
lists:
via ADDRESS - is the nexthop router.
dev NAME - is the output device.
weight NUMBER - is a weight for this element of a multipath route reflecting its relative bandwidth or
quality.
scope SCOPE_VAL
the scope of the destinations covered by the route prefix. SCOPE_VAL may be a number or a string from the file
/etc/iproute2/rt_scopes. If this parameter is omitted, ip assumes scope global for all gatewayed unicast routes,
scope link for direct unicast and broadcast routes and scope host for local routes.
protocol RTPROTO
the routing protocol identifier of this route. RTPROTO may be a number or a string from the file
/etc/iproute2/rt_protos. If the routing protocol ID is not given, ip assumes protocol boot (i.e. it assumes the
route was added by someone who doesn't understand what they are doing). Several protocol values have a fixed
interpretation. Namely:
redirect - the route was installed due to an ICMP redirect.
kernel - the route was installed by the kernel during autoconfiguration.
boot - the route was installed during the bootup sequence. If a routing daemon starts, it will purge all
of them.
static - the route was installed by the administrator to override dynamic routing. Routing daemon will
respect them and, probably, even advertise them to its peers.
ra - the route was installed by Router Discovery protocol.
The rest of the values are not reserved and the administrator is free to assign (or not to assign) protocol tags.
onlink pretend that the nexthop is directly attached to this link, even if it does not match any interface prefix.
equalize
allow packet by packet randomization on multipath routes. Without this modifier, the route will be frozen to one
selected nexthop, so that load splitting will only occur on per-flow base. equalize only works if the kernel is
patched.
ip route delete - delete route
ip route del has the same arguments as ip route add, but their semantics are a bit different.
Key values (to, tos, preference and table) select the route to delete. If optional attributes are present, ip verifies
that they coincide with the attributes of the route to delete. If no route with the given key and attributes was found,
ip route del fails.
ip route show - list routes
the command displays the contents of the routing tables or the route(s) selected by some criteria.
to SELECTOR (default)
only select routes from the given range of destinations. SELECTOR consists of an optional modifier (root, match or
exact) and a prefix. root PREFIX selects routes with prefixes not shorter than PREFIX. F.e. root 0/0 selects the
entire routing table. match PREFIX selects routes with prefixes not longer than PREFIX. F.e. match 10.0/16
selects 10.0/16, 10/8 and 0/0, but it does not select 10.1/16 and 10.0.0/24. And exact PREFIX (or just PREFIX)
selects routes with this exact prefix. If neither of these options are present, ip assumes root 0/0 i.e. it lists
the entire table.
tos TOS
dsfield TOS only select routes with the given TOS.
table TABLEID
show the routes from this table(s). The default setting is to show tablemain. TABLEID may either be the ID of a
real table or one of the special values:
all - list all of the tables.
cache - dump the routing cache.
cloned
cached list cloned routes i.e. routes which were dynamically forked from other routes because some route attribute (f.e.
MTU) was updated. Actually, it is equivalent to table cache.
from SELECTOR
the same syntax as for to, but it binds the source address range rather than destinations. Note that the from
option only works with cloned routes.
protocol RTPROTO
only list routes of this protocol.
scope SCOPE_VAL
only list routes with this scope.
type TYPE
only list routes of this type.
dev NAME
only list routes going via this device.
via PREFIX
only list routes going via the nexthop routers selected by PREFIX.
src PREFIX
only list routes with preferred source addresses selected by PREFIX.
realm REALMID
realms FROMREALM/TOREALM
only list routes with these realms.
ip route flush - flush routing tables
this command flushes routes selected by some criteria.
The arguments have the same syntax and semantics as the arguments of ip route show, but routing tables are not listed but
purged. The only difference is the default action: show dumps all the IP main routing table but flush prints the helper
page.
With the -statistics option, the command becomes verbose. It prints out the number of deleted routes and the number of
rounds made to flush the routing table. If the option is given twice, ip route flush also dumps all the deleted routes in
the format described in the previous subsection.
ip route get - get a single route
this command gets a single route to a destination and prints its contents exactly as the kernel sees it.
to ADDRESS (default)
the destination address.
from ADDRESS
the source address.
tos TOS
dsfield TOS
the Type Of Service.
iif NAME
the device from which this packet is expected to arrive.
oif NAME
force the output device on which this packet will be routed.
connected
if no source address (option from) was given, relookup the route with the source set to the preferred address
received from the first lookup. If policy routing is used, it may be a different route.
Note that this operation is not equivalent to ip route show. show shows existing routes. get resolves them and creates
new clones if necessary. Essentially, get is equivalent to sending a packet along this path. If the iif argument is not
given, the kernel creates a route to output packets towards the requested destination. This is equivalent to pinging the
destination with a subsequent ip route ls cache, however, no packets are actually sent. With the iif argument, the kernel
pretends that a packet arrived from this interface and searches for a path to forward the packet.
我觉得够详细的了 或者版主 你用 man 8 ip 看看 |
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发表于 2007-06-11 13:27
发表于 2007-06-11 17:06
