Oracle 10G DataGuard

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原文地址：http://hi.baidu.com/firefly5002/blog/item/5b5719fcb5bd3e1d08244d11.html

Oracle 10G DataGuard

server A: 10.85.10.44 SID=mesdb
target server B: 10.85.10.43
oracle version:10.2.0.1
OS platform : windows 2003

Data Guard默认是maximize performance， 可以用以下语句来进行模式间的切换。
ALTER DATABASE SET STANDBY DATABASE TO MAXIMIZE {PROTECTION | AVAILABILITY | PERFORMANCE};
修改主数据库保护模式需要重启数据库才能生效。
select protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;

Primary设置：

1. 设置主数据库为force logging 模式
SQL>sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SQL>alter database force logging;
2. 设置主数据库为归档模式
SQL> archive log list
SQL> shutdown immediate
SQL> startup mount
SQL> alter database archivelog;
SQL> archive log list
3. 添加"备用联机日志文件"
先查看日志文件位置：
SQL>select * from v$logfile;
在添加：
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo04.log') size 50m;
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo05.log') size 50m;
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo06.log') size 50m;
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo07.log') size 50m;

4. 创建主库的初始化参数给备库用
SQL>Create pfile from spfile;
产生的文件名为initorcl.ora 存放目录默认放在$ORACLE_HOME/database下

5. 在主库创建备库的控制文件 和密码文件
SQL>Alter database create standby controlfile as 'D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\control01.ctl';
D:>orapwd file=D:\PWDorcl.ora password=admin entries=5;
缺省情况下，win下口令文件的格式是pwdsid.ora，unix下的格式是orapwSID(大小写敏感）

6. 在主库创建监听和配置tnsnams.ora
listener.ora配置如下:
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\network\admin\listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (SID_NAME = PL***tProc)
      (ORACLE_HOME = D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1)
      (PROGRAM = extproc)
    )
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = mesdb)
      (ORACLE_HOME = D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1)
      (SID_NAME = mesdb)
    )
)
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 10.192.102.11)(PORT = 1521))
    )
)

tnsnames.ora配置如下:
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\network\admin\tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
primary =
(DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 10.192.102.11)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = mesdb)
    )
)
standby =
(DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 10.192.102.12)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = mesdb)
    )
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SID = PL***tProc)
      (PRESENTATION = RO)
    )
)

7. 在initmesdb.ora添加以下内容：
*.log_archive_format='%T%S%r.ARC'
*.DB_UNIQUE_NAME='primary'
*.log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(primary,standby)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\arch VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=primary'
*.log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=standby arch ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=standby'
*.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
*.FAL_SERVER='standby'
*.FAL_CLIENT='primary'

关闭数据库，在用initmesdb.ora重启，并创建spfile文件
SQL>startup pfile='$ORACLE_HOME/database/initorcl.ora'
SQL>create spfile from pfile='$ORACLE_HOME/database/initmesdb.ora'

8.
A. 拷贝数据文件，参数文件，控制文件，密码文件到备库上
initorcl.ora参数文件,PWDorcl.ora密码文件考到$ORACLE_HOME/database下的，
controlbak.ctl 考到$ORACLE_base/oradata/orcl/下，并分别重命名为control01.ctl,control01.ctl,control01.ctl
数据文件考到$ORACLE_base/oradata/orcl/下

B. 用Rman拷贝,不用停机
$ rman target /
RMAN> backup full format 'D:/FULL_%d_%T_%s.bak' database include current controlfile for standby;
RMAN> sql 'alter system archive log current';
RMAN> Backup ArchiveLog all format='D:/arch_%d_%T_%s.bak';
备份完后将备份文件拷到standby上同样的目录，强调：同样的目录，在standby进行rman 恢复即可

9. 启动主数据库
SQL>startup

Standy操作：
1. 用oradim工具创建备库orcl实例
oradim.exe new sid orcl startmode m
oradim.exe edit sid orcl startmode a
2. 创建备库存放数据文件和后台跟踪目录
   $ORACLE_BASE\ORADATA\ORCL
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\adump
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\bdump
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\cdump
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\dpdump
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\pfile
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\udump
   $ORACLE_BASE\admin\orcl\
3. 添加"备用联机日志文件"
SQL>startup mount
先查看日志文件位置：
SQL>select * from v$logfile;
在添加：
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 4 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo04.log') size 50m;
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 5 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo05.log') size 50m;
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 6 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo06.log') size 50m;
SQL> alter database add standby logfile group 7 ('D:\ORACLE\PRODUCT\10.2.0\ORADATA\ORCL\redo07.log') size 50m;
4. 在备库创建监听和配置tnsnams.ora
listener.ora配置如下:
# listener.ora Network Configuration File: D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\network\admin\listener.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
SID_LIST_LISTENER =
(SID_LIST =
    (SID_DESC =
      (SID_NAME = PL***tProc)
      (ORACLE_HOME = D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1)
      (PROGRAM = extproc)
    )
    (SID_DESC =
      (GLOBAL_DBNAME = orcl)
      (ORACLE_HOME = D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1)
      (SID_NAME = mesdb)
    )
)
LISTENER =
(DESCRIPTION_LIST =
    (DESCRIPTION =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1))
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 10.192.102.12)(PORT = 1521))
    )
)

tnsnames.ora配置如下:
# tnsnames.ora Network Configuration File: D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\network\admin\tnsnames.ora
# Generated by Oracle configuration tools.
primary =
(DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 10.192.102.11)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = mesdb)
    )
)
standby =
(DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 10.192.102.12)(PORT = 1521))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVER = DEDICATED)
      (SERVICE_NAME = mesdb)
    )
)
EXTPROC_CONNECTION_DATA =
(DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC1))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SID = PL***tProc)
      (PRESENTATION = RO)
    )
)

5. 测试主备之间网络连通
primary:
   C:>lsnrctl start
   C:>tnsping standby
standby
   C:>lsnrctl start
   C:>tnsping primary

6. 配置备库初始化参数
编辑$ORACLE_HOME/database目录下的initmesdb.ora添加以下内容
*.log_archive_format='%T%S%r.ARC'
*.DB_UNIQUE_NAME='standby'
*.log_archive_config='DG_CONFIG=(primary,standby)'
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\oradata\arch VALID_FOR=(ALL_LOGFILES,ALL_ROLES) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=standby'
*.log_archive_dest_2='SERVICE=primary arch ASYNC VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILES,PRIMARY_ROLE) DB_UNIQUE_NAME=primary'
*.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_1=ENABLE
*.LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_STATE_2=ENABLE
*.FAL_SERVER='primary'
*.FAL_CLIENT='standby'

7. 启动备用数据库
C:>set ORACLE_SID=orcl
SQL>sqlplus "/as sysdba"
SQL>startup nomount pfile='D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\database\initorcl.ora';
SQL>create spfile from pfile='D:\oracle\product\10.2.0\db_1\database\initorcl.ora';

若采用Rman备份的, 则在此standby 端进行 Rman还原数据库：
$rman target sys/admin@primary auxiliary /
RMAN> duplicate target database for standby dorecover nofilenamecheck;

SQL>alter database mount standby database ;
SQL>alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

测试

1. 测试主库产生的归档日志是否能正常传送到归档日志
主库进行日志切换:
SQL>Alter system switch logfile;
然后分别查看主库和备库的D:\arch目录下是否产生了同样的归档日志
文件。
select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
select max(sequence#) from v$log_history;
select group#,sequence#,archived,status from v$log;
select name,sequence#,applied from v$archived_log;
select sequence#,applied from v$archived_log;

若不同步，
1. 看log日志， archive是否有丢失
2. 可以在备库坐如下操作：
alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;

主备库切换
1. switchover
一般SWITCHOVER切换都是计划中的切换，特点是在切换后，不会丢失任何的数据，而且这个过程是可逆的，整个DATA GUARD环境不会被破坏，原来DATA GUARD环境中的所有物理和逻辑STANDBY都可以继续工作。 在进行DATA GUARD的物理STANDBY切换前需要注意：
确认主库和从库间网络连接通畅；
确认没有活动的会话连接在数据库中；
PRIMARY数据库处于打开的状态，STANDBY数据库处于MOUNT状态；
确保STANDBY数据库处于ARCHIVELOG模式；
如果设置了REDO应用的延迟，那么将这个设置去掉；
确保配置了主库和从库的初始化参数，使得切换完成后，DATA GUARD机制可以顺利的运行。

主库：
1. 查看switchover 状态
SQL> SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
      to standby
附： A:switchover_status出现session active/not allowed
        当出现session active的时候表示还有活动的session,则运行
         Alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
      当出现not allowed时，在官方文档说转换会不成功，但是我测试的时候成功了，如果大家在测试不成功的时候再和我说，让我看看在什么情况下会不成功。
  
     B.ora 01153: an incompatible media recovery is active
        运行下面代码
        Alter database recover managed standby database finish;
        或者Alter database recover managed standby database finish force;
        Alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
2 切换成备库
SQL>Alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PHYSICAL STANDBY;
     Database altered.

3 启动到mount和应用日志状态
SQL> SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATE
SQL> startup nomount;
SQL> alter database mount standby database;
SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;

4. 查看数据库模式
SQL>select dest_name,status,database_mode,recovery_mode,protection_mode from v$archive_dest_status;
SQL>select status,database_mode from v$archive_dest_status;

备库：
1.查看switchover状态
SQL> SELECT SWITCHOVER_STATUS FROM V$DATABASE;
    TO PRIMARY
附：若不是用此语句切换：ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY with session shutdown
2. 切换成主库
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
Database altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
SQL> startup;
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
3. 查看数据库模式
SQL>select dest_name,status,database_mode,recovery_mode,protection_mode from v$archive_dest_status;
SQL>select status,database_mode from v$archive_dest_status;

注意地方:
如果做了switchover,主库参数设置成以下方式，会触发ora16009错误
Alert system set log_archive_dest_2=’service=primary
DB_UNIQUE_NAME=orcl’ scope=spfile;
然后再alert_orcl.log 日志中会出现以下错误内容
Thu Nov 27 10:19:12 2008
Redo Shipping Client Connect
Connected User is Valid
RFS[2]: Assigned to RFS process 1292
RFS[2]: Database mount ID mismatch [0x4781d95f:0x47823be1]
RFS[2]: Client instance is standby database i
RFS[2]: Not using real app
Thu Nov 27 10:19Errors in file
d:\oracle\product\10.2.0\admin\orcl\udump\orc
ORA16009: 远程归档日
从metalink上查到:
* fact: Oracle Server Enterprise Edition 9
* symptom: Errors appears in alert.log on primary database
* symptom: RFS: client instance is standby database instead
* symptom: RFS: Not using real application clusters
* symptom: Errors appear in alert.log on standby database
* symptom:
database
standby database
primary database
* symptom: Standby redo log files are defined on the standby database
* cause: The standby redo log files are synchronously filled with redo
from the primary database. When a logswitch occur on the primary database,
those files are archived on the standby database before being applyed on
it. The archiving process on the standby database should only archive to
the local disks on tprimarfix:
Disable the remote archiving on the standby databa***ample: alter system set log_archive_dest_2 = ''
是因为没有把standby 上的log_archive_dest_2 清空导致的。
另外也有可
bug 4676659
Standby may not be recognised (ORA16009)
When the log transport is LGWR ASYNC and logical standby has
LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST setting VALID_FOR=(ONLINE_LOGFILE, PRIMARY_ROLE)
ORA16009 is reportedregular interWorkaround:
There is no workaround to prevent ORA16009 from appearing in alert logs.

2. Failovers：
FAILOVER切换一般是PRIMARY数据库发生故障后的切换，这种情况是STANDBY数据库发挥其作用的情况。这种切换发生后，可能会造成数据的丢失。而且这个过程不是可逆的，DATA GUARD环境会被破坏。
由于PRIMARY数据库已经无法启动，所以FAILOVER切换所需的条件并不多，只要检查STANDBY是否运行在最大保护模式下，如果是的话，需要将其置为最大性能模式，否则切换到PRIMARY角色也无法启动。

1.查看是否有日志GAP,没有应用的日志：
    SQL> SELECT UNIQUE THREAD#, MAX(SEQUENCE#) OVER(PARTITION BY THREAD#) LAST FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG;
　　SQL> SELECT THREAD#, LOW_SEQUENCE#, HIGH_SEQUENCE# FROM V$ARCHIVE_GAP;
　　如果有，则拷贝过来并且注册
SQL> ALTER DATABASE REGISTER PHYSICAL LOGFILE '路径';
重复查看直到没有应用的日志：
2. 然后停止应用归档：
　　SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL;
　　Database altered.
3. 下面将STANDBY数据库切换为PRIMARY数据库：
　　SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE FINISH;
或 SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE FINISH FORCE;
　　Database altered.
　　SQL> SELECT DATABASE_ROLE FROM V$DATABASE;
　　DATABASE_ROLE
　　
　　PHYSICAL STANDBY
　　SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
　　Database altered.
    SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN; 或者 shutdown immediate+startup
　　Database altered.

　　

检查数据库是否已经切换成功：
　　SQL> SELECT DATABASE_ROLE FROM V$DATABASE;
　　DATABASE_ROLE
　　
　　PRIMARY
　　至此，FAILOVER切换完成。这个时候应该马上对新的PRIMARY数据库进行备份。
数据库模式查看：
1. 首先查看当前的保护模式   primary数据库操作
SQL> select protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;

PROTECTION_MODE      PROTECTION_LEVEL

MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE


2. 设置新的数据保护模式并重启数据库    primary数据库操作
语句非常简单，如下：
SQL> alter database set standby database to maximize availability;

数据库已更改。
提示：maximize后可跟{PROTECTION | AVAILABILITY | PERFORMANCE}，分别对应最大保护，最高可用性及最高性能。

3. Down掉数据库，重新启动
SQL> shutdown immediate
数据库已经关闭。
已经卸载数据库。
ORACLE 例程已经关闭。
SQL> startup

4、看一下当前的保护模式    primary数据库操作

SQL> select protection_mode,protection_level from v$database;

PROTECTION_MODE      PROTECTION_LEVEL

MAXIMUM AVAILABILITY MAXIMUM AVAILABILITY