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1.12: Hardware Compatibility [复制链接]

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发表于 2007-04-04 17:18 |显示全部楼层
Certification Objective 1.12: Hardware Compatibility
认证目的 1.12: 硬件相容
Now it's time to explore in detail the hardware that Red Hat Enterprise Linux can handle.
现在它是该详细地探究硬件的时候,那一个红帽企业 Linux 能处理。
While some manufacturers now include their own Linux hardware drivers, most Linux hardware support comes from third parties.
一些制造业者现在包括他们自己的 Linux 硬件驱动器,不过大多数的 Linux 硬件支援来自第三者。
Fortunately, there is a vast community of Linux users, many of whom produce drivers for Linux and distribute them freely on the Internet.
幸运地,有一个 Linux 使用者的巨大社区, 谁为 Linux 生产驱动器的多数而且在因特网上自由地分配他们。
If a certain piece of hardware is popular, you can be certain that Linux support for that piece of hardware will pop up somewhere on the Internet and will be incorporated into various Linux distributions, including Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
如果一个特定硬件很常用, 你能确定 Linux 支援为那个硬件将会出现在因特网上的某处,而且意志被与各种不同的 Linux 分配合并,包括红帽企业 Linux。
Be careful when purchasing a new computer to use with Linux.
当购买一部新的计算机使用 Linux 的时候,要小心。
Though Linux has come a long way the last few years, and you should have little problem installing it on most modern PCs, you shouldn't assume Linux will run on any PC, especially if the PC in question is a state-of-the-art laptop computer.
虽然 Linux 已经来长的方法最近几年,而且你应该有在大多数的现代 PCs 上安装它的小的问题,但是你不应该承担 Linux 将会涉及任何的个人计算机,尤其如果疑问的个人计算机是一个艺术级笔记型电脑。
Laptops are often designed with proprietary configurations that work with Linux only after some reverse engineering.
膝上型电脑时常与与 Linux 合作的专有的配置一起设计只有在一些反面的工程学之后。
Fortunately, there are a number of major manufacturers who support RHEL 3 out of the box for their workstations and servers.
幸运地,有从他们的工作站和服务器的方格支援 RHEL 3 的一些主要的制造业者。
Check the Red Hat Hardware Compatibility List, as discussed in the section of the same name, for the latest information.
检查红帽硬件相容列表,如相同的名字的区段所讨论,为最新信息。
Other kinds of hardware, such as 'winmodems' and 'winprinters,' are designed to use Microsoft Windows driver libraries.
其他类型的硬件, 像是 'winmodems' 和 'winprinters,' 被设计使用微软公司 Windows 驱动器程序馆。
Integrated hardware (such as video chips that share system RAM) and parallel port devices can also be problematic.
整合的硬件 (像是共享的电视薯条系统随机存取储存器) 和平行端口装置也可能是棘手的。
While Linux drivers exist for many of these devices, do your research.
Linux 驱动器为大部份这些装置存在,做你的研究。
Linux runs very well on lower-end computers.
Linux 运行得很好在降低之上-结束计算机。
This is one of Linux's strong points over other operating systems, such as Microsoft's Windows XP.
这是 Linux 的强烈点之一超过其他的操作系统, 像是微软公司的 Windows XP 。
Linux runs fine on 64MB of RAM, although more is always better, especially if you want to run any graphical applications.
Linux 在 64 MB 随机存取储存器上运行罚款, 虽然多总是比较好, 尤其如果你想要运行任何的图解式的应用程序。
On The Job  While it is important to know how to select and configure hardware components to get to a smoothly running Linux computer, the RHCE exam is not a hardware exam.
在作业上,当知道该如何选择并且配置硬件元件到达一部平滑正在运行中的 Linux 计算机很重要的时候, RHCE 考试不是一项硬件考试。
Linux Hardware Documentation
Linux 硬件文件编写
There are many resources available to help you select the best hardware for Linux.
有许多资源可以用要为 Linux 帮助你选择最好的硬件。
Thousands of Linux gurus are available online in areas such as mailing lists and newsgroups.
数以千计的 Linux 印度教的导师在区域,像是邮寄列表和新闻群组中的线有空。
Perhaps the best places to look are the Linux Documentation Project (LDP) or the Red Hat Hardware Compatibility List.
也许对神情的最好位置是 Linux 文件编写计划 (LDP) 或红帽硬件相容列表。
The LDP is a global effort to produce reliable documentation for all aspects of the Linux operating system, including hardware compatibility.
LDP是为 Linux 操作系统的所有方面生产可靠的文件编写的一个全球的努力, 包括硬件相容。
Linux Hardware HOWTO
The Linux Hardware HOWTO is a document listing most of the hardware components supported by Linux.
Linux 硬件 HOWTO 是被 Linux 支援的一个文件列表大部份的硬件元件。
It's updated irregularly with added hardware support, so it is a relatively up-to-date source of information.
它不规则地被附加的硬件支援所更新,因此,它是一个信息的相对最新来源。
As of this writing, various LDP HOWTOs are supplied on the documentation CD-ROM in text format and in various languages, in the /HOWTOS directory.
当这写作,在那 /HOWTOS 目录中,各种不同的LDP HOWTOs 以文本的格式和以各种不同的语言在文件编写光盘上被供应之时。
The official up-to-date list can be found at the LDP
www.tldp.org
.
官方的最新列表能在LDP
www.tldp.org
被发现。(new web:www.tldp.org)
The Red Hat Hardware Compatibility List
红帽硬件相容列表
The Red Hat Hardware Compatibility List is different from the one you'll find in the Linux Hardware HOWTO.
红帽硬件相容列表不同于那一你将会在 Linux 硬件 HOWTO 中找。
It specifies name brand hardware that has been tested with RHEL and Red Hat Linux (versions 9 and below).
它叙述名字商标已经与 RHEL 和红帽一起测试 Linux 的硬件。 (9 版和在下面)
If you've purchased RHEL 3, Red Hat will provide some level of installation support for any certified or compatible hardware.
如果你已经购买 RHEL 3, 红帽将会提供一些层安装的支持任何的检定或相容的硬件。
Some hardware that has been tested by Red Hat has specifically been found not to work with Red Hat Linux or RHEL and is therefore not supported.
已经被红帽测试的一些硬件已经明确地被发现不要再与红帽 Linux 或者 RHEL 合作而且是因此不支援。
Red Hat hasn't tested all PC hardware;
红帽还没有测试所有的个人计算机硬件;
as a courtesy, they also include a list of hardware that others have tested with Red Hat Enterprise Linux, as 'Community Knowledge' hardware.
作为礼貌,他们也包括其他已经以红帽企业测试 Linux,当做 '社区知识' 硬件的一连串的硬件。
These four categories of hardware are described in Table 1-8.
硬件的这些四个范畴在表 1-8 被描述。
Table 1-8: Red Hat Hardware Compatibility Categories  
表 1-8: 红帽硬件相容范畴
Status
状态
Description
描述
Certified
检定
Approved by Red Hat, Inc., through the Red Hat Hardware Certification Program.
经过红帽硬件认证程序,根据红帽,公司核准。
Compatible
相容的
Reviewed by Red Hat, and known to be supported.
根据红帽检讨, 而且知道被支援。
Not Supported
不支援
Reviewed by Red Hat, and known not to work with Red Hat Linux or RHEL.
根据红帽检讨, 而且已知的不要再与红帽 Linux 或 RHEL 合作。
Community Knowledge
社区知识
Untested by Red Hat; others have reported some degree of compatibility with Red Hat Linux and RHEL.
没受过考验的由红帽; 其他已经报告某一程度的红帽 Linux 和 RHEL 的相容性。
Like the Linux Hardware HOWTO, the Red Hat Hardware Compatibility List draws upon the efforts of volunteers.
像 Linux 硬件 HOWTO ,红帽硬件相容列表在志愿者的努力之上拉。
If you want to check if any of the 'latest' hardware (such as USB) will run on your Linux system, it's probably best to consult the Red Hat support site first, then maybe LDP's Linux Hardware HOWTO.
如果如果任何 '最近的' 硬件 (像是万用串列总线) 将会涉及你的 Linux 系统,你想要检查,首先请教红帽支援位置最好, 然后也许LDP的 Linux 硬件 HOWTO。
However, if you want the option of being able to contact Red Hat for support, you should stay within the 'supported' list of the Red Hat Hardware Compatibility List.
然而,如果你能够想要选择项为支援连络红帽, 你应该停留在那里面 '支援' 红帽硬件相容列表的列表。
Check the documentation for your hardware.
为你的硬件检查文件编写。
Find a component such as a modem or a network card.
找一个元件,像是一台调制解调器或一个网络卡。
Cross-check this component against the Red Hat and LDP hardware compatibility lists (HCLs).
再确认对抗红帽和LDP硬件相容列表 (HCLs) 的这一个元件。
Find the Red Hat lists by starting at
www.redhat.com
.
藉由在
www.redhat.com
开始找红帽列表。
Find their HCL in their support area.
找他们的支援的他们的 HCL 区域。
Find the LDP Hardware HOWTO by starting at
www.tldp.org
.
藉由在
www.tldp.org
开始找LDP硬件 HOWTO 。
Find this list in the LDP section on HOWTOs.
在 HOWTOs 上的LDP区段中找这一个列表。
Compare the results.
比较结果。
While in most cases the results are identical, it's good to know how to search through both sources just in case.
在大部份的情形下结果是同一的,不过知道该如何仅仅搜寻过两者的来源很好以防万一。
As part of this process, find a component listed on one or both of these HCLs as incompatible with Linux.
同样地这一程序的一部份, 找被列出的一个元件在一之上或这两个字锤控制逻辑当做不相容的与 Linux。
Do a search on your favorite search engine or the newsgroups based on the name and model of the product.
在以名字和产品的模型为基础的你的喜爱搜寻发动机或新闻群组上做一个搜寻。
Don't forget to include 'linux' in your list of search terms.
不要忘记在你的搜寻期限的列表中包括 'linux' 。
You might be pleasantly surprised.
你可能愉快地被吃惊。
As of this writing, a searchable newsgroup database is available at groups.google.com.
当做这写作,一个可搜寻的新闻群组数据库在 groups.google.com 是可得的。
CPU and SMP Support
处理器和 SMP 支援
Red Hat Enterprise Linux for Intel supports computers with Intel and compatible processors.
红帽企业给英代尔的 Linux 用英代尔和相容的处理机支援计算机。
It is 'Itanium-ready,' which means that it will be able to support this 64-bit Intel CPU when it is finally released.
它是意谓当它最后被释放的时候,它将会能够支援这个 64个位元英代尔处理器的 'Itanium-就绪 ,' 。
Linux is commonly used as a server operating system.
Linux 普遍当做一个服务器操作系统被用。
Many server applications can take advantage of the flexibility provided by multiple CPUs.
许多服务器应用程序能利用由多 CPUs 提供的柔轫。
This is known as symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support.
这即是对称的多重处理 (SMP) 支援。
Linux began supporting multiple CPUs with the release of the 2.4 kernel back in 2001.
Linux 开始回到 2001 用 2.4 核仁的版本支援多 CPUs 。
On The Job  Some of the developers hope to increase the SMP limit to 128 CPUs.
在作业一些开发者身上希望把 SMP 界限增加到 128 CPUs 。
If you're running Linux on a SMP computer, keep up to date with the latest kernel developments at
www.kernel.org
.
如果你正在一部 SMP 计算机上运行 Linux, 在
www.kernel.org
以最新核仁发展即时更新。
Exam Watch  Red Hat Enterprise Linux was released with Linux Kernel version 2.4.21.
考试表红帽企业 Linux 与 Linux 核仁 2.4.21 版一起释放。
While it includes a number of features, or 'backports,' from Linux Kernel 2.6, I don't believe that you'll need to install the 2.6 kernel for the RHCE or RHCT exams.
它包括一些功能、或来自 Linux 核仁 2.6 的 'backports,' ,不过我不相信你将会需要为 RHCE 或 RHCT 考试安装 2.6 核仁。
As always, monitor the Red Hat syllabus and requirements for the latest information.
一如往常,为最新信息检测红帽摘要和需求。
Plug and Play
即插即用
Plug and play (PnP) refers to the capability of an operating system to automatically allocate hardware ports or addresses to specific devices such as hard drives, sound cards, or modems.
即插即用 (PnP) 自动地提及操作系统的能力到分派硬件端口或特定的装置,像是硬式磁盘机、语音卡或调制解调器的演说。
Linux's ability to work with plug and play devices is somewhat less than perfect.
与即插即用装置合作的 Linux 的能力略微比完成式更少。
For example, if you have the right network modules installed with the kernel, Linux may be able to automatically detect and install the drivers for a new network card in a PCMCIA slot.
举例来说,如果你以核仁安装正确的网络模组, Linux 可能能够自动地为一个 PCMCIA 槽的一个新的网络卡发现并且安装驱动器。
However, Linux does not automatically detect all printers;
然而, Linux 不自动地发现所有的打印机;
in this case, you may need to use the techniques discussed in Chapter 8 to install the appropriate print driver.
在这情况,你可能需要使用在第 8 章被讨论安装适当的版驱动器的技术。
A plug and play system has three parts: the BIOS, the device, and the operating system.
一个即插即用系统有三个部份: 基本输出入系统,装置和操作系统。
Unless all three work perfectly, problems can arise with plug and play.
除非所有的三完全地工作, 问题能以即插即用出现。
The BIOS has to allow the operating system to find the devices on your computer.
基本输出入系统必须让操作系统在你的计算机上找装置。
Plug and play devices have to accept port and channel assignments from the operating system.
即插即用装置必须接受端口而且引导来自操作系统的指定。
And a plug and play operating system is constantly searching each connection for new hardware.
而且一个即插即用操作系统正在不变地为新的硬件寻找每个连接。
Red Hat developed the kudzu utility to look for and configure any hardware changes when you boot Linux.
当你开机 Linux 的时候,红帽发展了葛公用程式找寻而且配置任何的硬件变化。
Plug and Play Support in Linux
在 Linux 的即插即用支援
The unfortunate truth is that Linux doesn't handle plug and play as well as we may want.
不幸的事实是 Linux 不处理即插即用和我们可能想要。
The main problem lies with plug and play support for devices that run on an ISA bus.
主要的涉及一个 ISA 总线的即插即用的支持装置的问题谎言。
ISA is a legacy technology from older IBM PCs, created without plug and play in mind, so support for it is complex.
ISA 是来自较旧的 IBM PCs 的一种遗赠物技术,没有思想的即插即用创造, 因此对于它的支援是复。
PCI hardware is a different story.
PCI 硬件是一个不同的故事。
As Linux loads, device drivers can easily find PCI devices.
当 Linux 载入,驱动程序能容易地找 PCI 装置。
However, conflicts may still arise with ISA devices.
然而,冲突可能仍然以 ISA 装置出现。
While Linux works well with many USB and IEEE 1394 devices, support for the latest USB 2.0 and IEEE 1394 hardware is still officially 'experimental' as of this writing.
Linux 作品以许多万用串列总线涌出和电器和电子工程师协会 1394 装置, 为最近的万用串列总线 2.0 支援和电器和电子工程师协会 1394 硬件仍然正式地是 '实验的' 当做这写作。
Plug and Play Conflicts
即插即用争执
The Linux plug and play subsystem may have problems with the newest computer devices or some very old ones.
Linux 即插即用次系统可能让最新的计算机装置或一些的问题非常旧一。
If you're having problems with the newest computer equipment, various Web sites are dedicated to offering help.
如果你有最新的计算机设备的问题,各种不同的网站被呈现到提供辅助。
For example,
www.linmodems.org
can help you configure many so-called 'winmodems,' and
www.linux-usb.org
can help you configure the latest USB equipment on Linux.
举例来说,
www.linmodems.org
能帮助你配置许多所谓的 'winmodems,' ,而且
www.linux-usb.org
能在 Linux 上帮助你配置最近的万用串列总线设备。
Many hardware conflicts with relatively old equipment are fairly simple to eliminate.
许多硬件以相对旧的设备争执非常简单除去。
There are three possible areas of conflict:
有三个可能冲突的区域:
A physical hardware jumper is conflicting with another card.
一个实际的硬件跳线器被以另外的一个卡争执。
Your ISA plug and play cards are not properly configured.
你的 ISA 即插即用卡不适当被配置。
You are out of IRQs or other resources to add to your new device.
你在 IRQs 或者其他的资源中将加到你的新装置。
You can use the /proc files to check the currently used IRQ ports, I/O addresses, and DMA channels.
你能使用那 /proc 文件检查现在使用的 IRQ 端口, 输入/输出位址、和 DMA 波道。
For example, to check the occupied IRQs, the following command lists the devices that are loaded by the kernel:
举例来说, 检查被占领的 IRQs, 下列的指令列出被核仁载入的装置:
# cat /proc/interrupts
If there is a conflict, the device is not loaded.
如果有一个冲突,装置没被载入。
You can quickly scan over the left side to see what interrupts are available.
你能很快地在左边之上扫瞄了解什么中断是可得的。
To get a list of used I/O addresses and DMA channels, issue the following commands:
为了要得到一连串的使用输入/输出位址和 DMA 波道, 发行下列的指令:
# cat /proc/ioports
# cat /proc/dma
The kernel included with Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3 and above should keep plug and play configuration problems to a minimum.
和红帽企业 Linux 3 和上方包含在一起的核仁应该保存即插即用配置对一个最小量的问题。
When problems arise, two or more devices are probably trying to use the same IRQ, I/O, and/or DMA.
当问题出现的时候,二或者较多的装置正在或许尝试使用相同的 IRQ 、输入/输出以及/ 或 DMA 。
In that case, one or both devices may not be loaded.
在那情况,一或两者的装置可能不被载入。
It may take a little detective work to identify the troubled hardware; conflicts may prevent it from being listed in one of the associated /proc directory files.
它可能拿一个小侦探工作识别混乱的硬件; 冲突可能阻止它在联合的 /proc 的目录文件之一中被列出。
Then select one of the devices, and change its IRQ, I/O, and/or DMA to a free location.
然后选择装置之一, 而且将它的 IRQ 、输入/输出以及/ 或 DMA 换成一个免费的位置。
This is usually a two-step process: first, change the settings on the card itself through physical jumpers or a diagnostic disk, as described in the next section.
这通常是两步舞程序: 首先,经过实际的跳线器或者一个诊断的磁盘,被如下一个区段所描述在卡本身上改变设定。
If Linux doesn't detect your changes, use the appropriate configuration utility, such as redhat-config-mouse, ifconfig, modprobe, or redhat-config-network, to change the settings on your device.
如果 Linux 不发现你的变化, 使用适当的配置公用程式, 像是 redhat-配置-鼠标、 ifconfig 、 modprobe 或者 redhat-配置-网络, 在你的装置上改变设定。
Generally, Linux should not have problems with PCI plug and play cards or USB devices.
通常, Linux 应该没有 PCI 的问题即插即用卡或万用串列总线装置。
Linux should recognize them and set them up with appropriate IRQ ports, I/O addresses, and DMA channels.
Linux 应该以适当的 IRQ 端口认识他们而且安装他们, 输入/输出位址、和 DMA 波道。
If you cannot see what your PCI cards are set to, you can type cat /proc/pci.
如果你不能够见到你的 PCI 卡被设定成的,你能键入 cat /proc/pci 。
If a PCI card that you're concerned about does not show up here, you may be out of IRQs.
如果你关心的一个 PCI 卡不在这里出现,你可能超出 IRQs 。
If you run out of IRQs, you may want to look into alternatives such as IEEE 1394 (also known as FireWire or iLink) or USB devices.
如果你用光 IRQs ,你可能想要调查替代选择,像是电器和电子工程师协会 1394(也知道当做 FireWire 或 iLink) 或万用串列总线装置。
ACPI and APM
进阶组态与能源介面和进阶电源管理
Closely related to plug and play are the latest computer power management standards, known as Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) and Advanced Power Management (APM).
接近地讲到即插即用是最新计算机能力管理标准, 即是高阶配置和能力介面 (进阶组态与能源介面) 而且前进能力管理 (进阶电源管理).
Both are efforts to manage PC power consumption.
两者都是努力处理个人计算机耗电量。
As such, they are important tools to extend the lifetime of battery-operated devices such as laptop computers.
同样地,他们是扩充电池组操作装置,像是笔记型电脑的终生的重要工具。
Microsoft has driven developments in both areas toward computers that can be easily suspended and reactivated from a minimum power state.
微软公司已经在能被容易地中止而且从一个最小的能力状态被使恢复现役的向计算机的两者区域中驾驶发展。
Red Hat has incorporated some ACPI features from the 2.6 kernel in RHEL.
红帽已经吸收来自 RHEL 的 2.6 核仁的一些进阶组态与能源介面功能。
If you have problems with an ACPI computer, you can deactivate ACPI support with the acpi=off command to the kernel during the Red Hat Enterprise Linux boot or installation process.
如果你有一部进阶组态与能源介面计算机的问题,你能用 acpi 移除进阶组态与能源介面支援=离开对核仁的指令在红帽企业 Linux 启动或安装程序期间。

本文来自ChinaUnix博客,如果查看原文请点:http://blog.chinaunix.net/u/22330/showart_270936.html
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