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If a double or long variable is not declared volatile, then for the purposes of load, store, read, and write operations it is treated as if it were two variables of 32 bits each; wherever the rules require one of these operations, two such operations are performed, one for each 32-bit half. The manner in which the 64 bits of a double or long variable are encoded into two 32-bit quantities and the order of the operations on the halves of the variables are not defined by The Java Language Specification.
This matters only because a read or write of a double or long variable may be handled by an actual main memory as two 32-bit read or write operations that may be separated in time, with other operations coming between them. Consequently, if two threads concurrently assign distinct values to the same shared non-volatile double or long variable, a subsequent use of that variable may obtain a value that is not equal to either of the assigned values, but rather some implementation-dependent mixture of the two values.
An implementation is free to implement load, store, read, and write operations for double and long values as atomic 64-bit operations; in fact, this is strongly encouraged. The model divides them into 32-bit halves for the sake of currently popular microprocessors that fail to provide efficient atomic memory transactions on 64-bit quantities. It would have been simpler for the Java virtual machine to define all memory transactions on single variables as atomic; this more complex definition is a pragmatic concession to current hardware practice. In the future this concession may be eliminated. Meanwhile, programmers are cautioned to explicitly synchronize access to shared double and long variables.
“深入java虚拟机”提到int等不大于32位的类型上的操作都是原子操作 |
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