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本文档是本人学习solaris时所做笔记。其中包含一些总结和练习。供参考。
这累点点滴滴从底向上的学习方法觉得虽然系统，但是比较累。
另外一种是出问题后在网上临时搜解决方案照做，也许有效率。
如何学习solaris及其他系统，请提出宝贵意见。
author: ping
******************************************************************************************************************
**************************************************basis1**********************************************************
**************************************************basis1**********************************************************
**************************************************basis1**********************************************************
******************************************************************************************************************
Unix history:
AT&T unix 1969 IBM AIX
==> SVR4(industry std) ==> Solaris
BSD UNIX ==> SunOS 1988 HP HP-UX
Solaris 10
SunOS 5.x OS
OpenNetworkComputing(ONC+)
solaris desktop env GUI
shell:
B shell (original UNIX) $ # default for root
C shell (new features) hostname$ hostname#
Korn shell: superset of B shell $ # default for non-root
with C shell-like enhance
Bash: GNU B-again shell,
features B & C
Z,TC
uname -X
cal 2 2009 #calendar for current month
clear #clear the screen
##using man to search a command
catman ##create windex database
man -k KEYWORD #search a command using the KEYWORD from the system
man -k perl
......
perl perl (1) - Practical Extraction and Report Language
......
#enter home dir
cd
cd ~ #~ not supported in B shell, all others support
cd ~HOMEDIR #enter other users' homedir
cd ~/DIR/..
#switch between 2 dirs: cd -
bash-3.00# cd /
bash-3.00# cd /export/home/
bash-3.00# cd -
/
bash-3.00# cd -
/export/home
#k shell metacharactor:
*: zero or any ch (except leading .)
bash-3.00# ls -d d*
dev devices
?: any single ch (except leading .)
bash-3.00# ls -d de?
dev
[] a SET of ch
[a-z], [0-9]
#
ls [a-f]*
ls [fp]*
quoting ch
'' instruct the shell to ignore all enclosed metacharacters
$ echo '$SHELL'
$SHELL
""
`` single backward quotation marks
\
$
$ echo $SHELL
/bin/ksh
$ echo "$SHELL"
/bin/ksh
echo "user is in $(pwd) dir"
user is in /export/home/user3 dir
B shell: /bin/sh /sbin/sh root def
C shell: /bin/csh
K shell: /bin/ksh non-root def
bash sh: /bin/bash
bash-3.00# ls -ld /bin
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 Jan 5 13:24 /bin -> ./usr/bin
#ksh variables
##set var
$ test=abc
$ export $test ##make the value of a variable known to a sub-shell
##display all vars: set/export/env
$ export
HOME=/export/home/user3
HZ=100
LOGNAME=user3
MAIL=/usr/mail/user3
PATH=/usr/bin:
PWD=/export/home/user3
SHELL=/bin/ksh
TERM=vt100
TZ=PRC
_=env
abc
$ set
ERRNO=13
FCEDIT=/bin/ed
HOME=/export/home/user3
HZ=100
IFS='
'
LINENO=1
LOGNAME=user3
MAIL=/usr/mail/user3
MAILCHECK=600
OPTIND=1
PATH=/usr/bin:
PPID=24873
PS1='$ '
PS2='> '
PS3='#? '
PS4='+ '
PWD=/export/home/user3
RANDOM=26820
SECONDS=228
SHELL=/bin/ksh
TERM=vt100
TMOUT=0
TZ=PRC
_=export
abc
test=abc
$ env
_=/usr/bin/env
HZ=100
PATH=/usr/bin:
LOGNAME=user3
MAIL=/usr/mail/user3
SHELL=/bin/ksh
HOME=/export/home/user3
TERM=vt100
PWD=/export/home/user3
TZ=PRC
##echo or print a single var
$ echo $test
abc
$ print $test
abc
$ set | grep test
test=abc
##unset a var
$ unset test
$ set | grep test
_=test
$
$ echo $test
$ print $test
##customize ksh var
PS1="$LOGNAME@`uname -n` \$PWD $"
user3@x86npm /etc $cd /
user3@x86npm / $
user3@x86npm / $cd
user3@x86npm /export/home/user3 $
history
recorded in .sh_history, which is controlled by HISTFILE, HISTSIZE
complete filename
ESC \
asking for hints
ESC =
#view file content
cat, more, less, head, tail,
head -N
tail -N/+N
# count line/word/ch
wc -l/w/c/m FILENAME
cp -i #interactive mode, prevent overwriting to existing file
mv -i
rm -i
##completely remove a dir usually requires 2 steps:
rm -r /dir #remove all content under the dir
rmdir #remove an EMPTY dir
vi (=view)
#cmd mode
#edit mode
i/I: insert before the cursor/line
a/A: append after the cursor/line
o/O: open a new line above/below current curse
#last line mode
:
******************************************************************************************************************
**************************************************book1**********************************************************
**************************************************book1**********************************************************
**************************************************book1**********************************************************
******************************************************************************************************************
********************************************************************************
********************module 1: installation
********************************************************************************
grep METACLUSTER /var/sadm/system/admin/.clustertoc #names of possible cluster configurations
cat /var/sadm/system/admin/CLUSTER #which cluster has been installed
!installation log:
/var/sadm/install_data/install_log
********************************************************************************
********************module 2: directory hierarchy
********************************************************************************
in memory:
/dev/fd
/devices
/etc/mnttab
/etc/svc/volatile
/proc
/system/contract /system/object
/tmp
/var/run
file:
inode
datablocks
file type:
- d l !regular
b c !device
l:
symbolic link: a file point to another file
ln -s file1 link1
can span FS
hard link: name <--> inode
ln file1 file2 (file2 will be linked to same inode of file1)
!verify with
ls -li
find . -inum 1282 #find files/dirs with inode number of 1282
now rm file1 will not remove the file
can't span FS
b,c
major/minor device number =
modinfo display information about loaded kernel modules
-c current status
-w
devfsadm
********************************************************************************
********************module 3: local disk
********************************************************************************
bash-3.00# ls -l /dev/dsk/
total 32
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:a
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s1 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:b
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s2 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:c
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s3 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s4 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:e
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s5 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:f
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s6 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:g
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s7 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:h
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:a
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s1 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:b
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s2 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:c
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s3 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:d
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s4 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:e
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s5 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:f
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s6 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:g
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s7 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:h
bash-3.00# ls -l /dev/rdsk/
total 32
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:a,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s1 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:b,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s2 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:c,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s3 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:d,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s4 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:e,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s5 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:f,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s6 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:g,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 46 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s7 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:h,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:a,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s1 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:b,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s2 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:c,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s3 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:d,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s4 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:e,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s5 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:f,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s6 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:g,raw
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s7 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:h,raw
list device:
cat /etc/path_to_inst
prtconf !all dev
prtconf | grep -v not !only attached dev
format
reconf device:
#reconfiguraton reboot
touch /reconfigure
init 5
#verify
prtconf or
format
#detect all attached disks online
devfsadm
devfsadm -c DEVICE-CLASS(disk|tape|port|audio|pseudo)
devfsadm -i DRIVER-NAME(dad|sd|st|..)
devfsadm -v (verbose)
devfsadm -C
##################an example of bad disk###################
1) only 1 disk available
a)ls -l /dev/dsk
##some 'fake' info? no IDE exist
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 42 Dec 10 14:46 c0t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:a
##the real disk
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 10 14:46 c1t0d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0:a
b)format
AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS:
0. c1t0d0 <SUN36G cyl 24620 alt 2 hd 27 sec 107>
/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0
c)bash-3.00# cat /etc/path_to_inst | grep sd
"/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0" 0 "sd" ##real disk
"/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0" 3 "sd" ##
"/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0" 1 "sd" ##
d)prtconf | grep -v not | grep sd ?
#should be sth like this:
"/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0" 3 "sd"
"/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0" 0 "sd"
2) now add 1 more disk
a)
ls -l /dev/dsk
##new disk appear
ls -l /dev/dsk
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 43 Dec 22 22:27 c1t1d0s0 -> ../../devices/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0:a
b)
format
##new disk appear
AVAILABLE DISK SELECTIONS:
0. c1t0d0 <SUN36G cyl 24620 alt 2 hd 27 sec 107>
/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@0,0
1. c1t1d0 <drive not available>
/pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0
Specify disk (enter its number): ^C
##console message:
Dec 23 00:02:16 V2102 genunix: WARNING: Device /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0 failed to power up.
Dec 23 00:02:36 V2102 scsi: WARNING: /pci@1c,600000/scsi@2/sd@1,0 (sd1):
Dec 23 00:02:36 V2102 offline or reservation conflict
partitioning HD:
wasted space vs. overlapping slides
partition a disk:
disk label=VTOC:
1st disk sector(512B block)
only 1st disk slice contains,all slices reserve 1st sector for its use.
contains: partition table/etc.
prtvtoc /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s#
bash-3.00# prtvtoc /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0
* /dev/dsk/c1t1d0s0 partition map
*
* Dimensions:
* 512 bytes/sector
* 107 sectors/track
* 27 tracks/cylinder
* 2889 sectors/cylinder
* 24622 cylinders
* 24620 accessible cylinders
*
* Flags:
* 1: unmountable
* 10: read-only
*
* First Sector Last
* Partition Tag Flags Sector Count Sector Mount Directory
0 2 00 16386408 20480121 36866528 /
1 3 01 0 16386408 16386407
2 5 00 0 71127180 71127179
5 0 00 36866529 20480121 57346649 /u02
7 8 00 57346650 13780530 71127179 /export/home
format->verify
Primary label contents:
Volume name = < >
ascii name = <SUN36G cyl 24620 alt 2 hd 27 sec 107>
pcyl = 24622
ncyl = 24620
acyl = 2
nhead = 27
nsect = 107
Part Tag Flag Cylinders Size Blocks
0 root wm 5672 - 12760 9.77GB (7089/0/0) 20480121
1 swap wu 0 - 5671 7.81GB (5672/0/0) 16386408
2 backup wm 0 - 24619 33.92GB (24620/0/0) 71127180
3 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
4 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
5 unassigned wm 12761 - 19849 9.77GB (7089/0/0) 20480121
6 unassigned wm 0 0 (0/0/0) 0
7 home wm 19850 - 24619 6.57GB (4770/0/0) 13780530
fmthard
##relabel a disk (also a vtoc backup/restore method)
#backup vtoc
prtvtoc /dev/dsk > /var/tmp/c1t1d0s0.vtoc
#restore vtoc per the backup file
fmthard -s /var/tmp/c1t1d0s0.vtoc /dev/dsk/cxtxdxsx
##clear a vtoc
fmthard -s /dev/null /dev/dsk/cxtxdxsx
##destroy a vtoc
dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rdsk/c#t#d#s# bs=512 count=1
format utility:
# Data file for the 'format' program. This file defines the known disks, disk types, and partition maps.
/etc/format.dat
SMC:
/etc/init.d/init.wbem start|stop|status
smc&
********************************************************************************
********************module 4: FS
********************************************************************************
disk based
ufs: based on berkeley ffs
pcfs: unix implementation of DOS FAT32 FS. can be used to access PC FS
hsfs/ufs: for DVD/CD-ROM
distributed
NFS
pseudo
tmpfs
swapfs
..
procfs
mntfs
UFS:
disk:
sector------------->track---->cylinder-->cyl grp------->slice(partition)------------>FS
(=blk:512B) (>16cyl/grp)
| device name:
v logical name:
fragment(1KB) c#t#d#s# (logical name: /dev/dsk/...;/dev/rdsk/...)
| ls -l /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s#
v format
data blk(8K) |
|ln -s
| LUN(logical Unit#, disk#)
v |
physical name: /devices/pci@1e,600000/ide@d/sd@0,0:a,raw
| |
target# slide#
format
|
|shorten,assigned by kernel
|
v
instance name: sd#, dad#, st#
cat /etc/path_to_inst
disk map:
name: sectors PrROM program
=================================================================================
disk-label/vtoc 0(1st 512B-blk in 1st slide)
POST
boot boot-device
bootblk(by installboot) 1-15 boot-> bootblk->mem
(contain a UFS reader) bootblk->usfboot->mem
ufsboot->2kernels->mem
static core:/platform/`uname -m`/kernel/sparcv9/
|genunix(plat-indep) (sun4u)
| => kernel
|unix(plat-specific)
(dynamic)modules:
|drvs,fs,streams...
|/platform/`uname -m`/kernel/
| (sun4u)
|/platform/`uname -i`/kernel
(SUNW,Ultra-Enterprise)
kernal read conffile:/etc/system
kernal->ufsboot->load modules->
kernel-boot->/etc/init-ln->/sbin/init->svc.startd
/etc/inittab
1st cylinder group: 16 cylinders
primary superblock 16-31
backup superblock 32-47
cylinder group block 48
inode table ?
data blocks xxx
16 cylinders
2nd cylinder group:
backup superblock
cylinder group block
inode table
data blocks xxx
......
==============================================================================================
newfs
front-end of mkfs
destructive
newfs /dev/rdsk/c#t#d#s# #repeat for every slides
#create lost+found dir
fstyp -v /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s# | head #check minfree
newfs -m 2 /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s# #specify a minfree: 2%
tunefs -m 1 /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s# #change the minfree
fsck
check data consistency of a FS, attempt to correct/repair
don't run it when mounted
can run while under single-user mode
df/du/quot: monitor FS use
df -k #report space in kbytes
-h #more readable format
[option] #FS: /export/home; or device: /dev/dsk/c#t#d#s#
(need to already newfs)
du -k #report #of blocks used by dir/files
-h #more (human) readable format
[option] #a dir
quot-a #report space usage by each user on all mounted FS
-f #report also file numbers
[option] #a FS or the corresponding dev file
bash-3.00# quot -f /export/home
/dev/rdsk/c0d0s7:
5537110 43489 root
56 4 uucp
4 4 daemon
3 5 adm
......
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