学会一个命令，精通RedHat Linux

liuziyang

MAN man

经常的网络上看到很多的人在问同样的Linux应用上的小问题，我以前也是这样，认为这通常是一个比较快速的解决办法，因为在网络上有很多乐于分享的朋友。

今天我写下这个题目只是为了证明一件事，如果你愿意多花上一点点时间尝试着，你也可以自己解决问题。更重要的是：在这个过程中你掌握了“学习的方法和自学的能力”

man是Linux下的一个比较流行的帮助手册查看工具，他可以对一个命令的用法、一个服务器配置参数等做出最全面的解释。

一个简单的例子：
VSFTPD是一个目前应用最为广泛的FTP服务器之一，在RedHat Linux下如何能够更多了解VSFTPD的参数呢。

1. man vsftpd.conf

VSFTPD的基本参数设置，如：限制带宽和并发连接，目录权限，访问列表...

2. cd /usr/share/doc/vsftpd-xxx/

这里有更高级的帮助信息，如：如何使用非LOCAL用户登录FTP
（我见过很多人都在问如何使用文本数据库来认证FTP用户登录，下面我也将帮助文件的内容列出。也同时补充一句：不要被英文的帮助文档吓倒）

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This example shows how to set up vsftpd / PAM with "virtual users".
A virtual user is a user login which does not exist as a real login on the
system. Virtual users can therefore be more secure than real users, beacuse
a compromised account can only use the FTP server.

Virtual users are often used to serve content that should be accessible to
untrusted users, but not generally accessible to the public.

Step 1) Create the virtual users database.
We are going to use pam_userdb to authenticate the virtual users. This needs
a username / password file in "db" format - a common database format.
To create a "db" format file, first create a plain text files with the
usernames and password on alternating lines.
See example file "logins.txt" - this specifies "tom" with password "foo" and
"fred" with password "bar".
Whilst logged in as root, create the actual database file like this:
db_load -T -t hash -f logins.txt /etc/vsftpd_login.db
(Requires the Berkeley db program installed).
NOTE: Many systems have multiple versions of "db" installed, so you may
need to use e.g. db3_load for correct operation. This is known to affect
some Debian systems. The core issue is that pam_userdb expects its login
database to be a specific db version (often db3, whereas db4 may be installed
on your system).
This will create /etc/vsftpd_login.db. Obviously, you may want to make sure
the permissions are restricted:
chmod 600 /etc/vsftpd_login.db
For more information on maintaing your login database, look around for
documentation on "Berkeley DB", e.g.
http://www.sleepycat.com/docs/utility/index.html
Step 2) Create a PAM file which uses your new database.
See the example file vsftpd.pam. It contains two lines:
auth required /lib/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd_login
account required /lib/security/pam_userdb.so db=/etc/vsftpd_login
This tells PAM to authenticate users using our new database. Copy this PAM
file to the PAM directory - typically /etc/pam.d/
cp vsftpd.pam /etc/pam.d/ftp
Step 3) Set up the location of the files for the virtual users.
useradd -d /home/ftpsite virtual
ls -ld /home/ftpsite
(which should give):
drwx------    3 virtual  virtual      4096 Jul 30 00:39 /home/ftpsite
We have created a user called "virtual" with a home directory "/home/ftpsite".
Let's add some content to this download area:
cp /etc/hosts /home/ftpsite
chown virtual.virtual /home/ftpsite/hosts
Step 4) Create your vsftpd.conf config file.
See the example in this directory. Let's go through it line by line:
anonymous_enable=NO
local_enable=YES
This disables anonymous FTP for security, and enables non-anonymous FTP (which
is what virtual users use).
write_enable=NO
anon_upload_enable=NO
anon_mkdir_write_enable=NO
anon_other_write_enable=NO
These ensure that for security purposes, no write commands are allowed.
chroot_local_user=YES
This makes sure that the virtual user is restricted to the virtual FTP area
/home/ftpsite we set up above.
guest_enable=YES
guest_username=virtual
The guest_enable is very important - it activates virtual users! And
guest_username says that all virtual users are mapped to the real user
"virtual" that we set up above. This will also determine where on the
filesystem the virtual users end up - the home directory of the user
"virtual", /home/ftpsite.
listen=YES
listen_port=10021
This puts vsftpd in "standalone" mode - i.e. not running from an inetd. This
means you just run the vsftpd executable and it will start up. This also
makes vsftpd listen for FTP requests on the non-standard port of 10021 (FTP
is usually 21).
pasv_min_port=30000
pasv_max_port=30999
These put a port range on passive FTP incoming requests - very useful if
you are configuring a firewall.
Copy the example vsftpd.conf file to /etc:
cp vsftpd.conf /etc/
Step 5) Start up vsftpd.
Go to the directory with the vsftpd binary in it, and:
./vsftpd
If all is well, the command will sit there. If all is not well, you will
likely see some error message.
Step 6) Test.
Launch another shell session (or background vsftpd with CTRL-Z and then "bg").
Here is an example of an FTP session:
ftp localhost 10021
Connected to localhost (127.0.0.1).
220 ready, dude (vsFTPd 1.1.0: beat me, break me)
Name (localhost:chris): tom
331 Please specify the password.
Password:
230 Login successful. Have fun.
Remote system type is UNIX.
Using binary mode to transfer files.
ftp> pwd
257 "/"
ftp> ls
227 Entering Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,117,135)
150 Here comes the directory listing.
226 Transfer done (but failed to open directory).
ftp> size hosts
213 147
ftp>
Comments:
The password we gave was "foo".
Do not be alarmed by the "failed to open directory". That is because the
directory /home/ftpsite is not world readable (we could change this
behaviour if we wanted using anon_world_readable_only=NO but maybe we want
it this way for security.
We can see that we have access to the "hosts" file we copied into the virtual
FTP area, via the size command.
[root@ziyang ~]#


本文来自ChinaUnix博客，如果查看原文请点：http://blog.chinaunix.net/u2/64883/showart_2006564.html