浅谈分析Arm linux 内核移植及系统初始化的过程（二）

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浅谈分析Arm linux 内核移植及系统初始化的过程（二）

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4.1. 处理器、设备4.2. 描述
设备描述主要两个结构体完成：struct resource和struct platform_device。
先来看看着两个结构体的定义：
struct resource {
resource_size_t start;
resource_size_t end;
const char *name;
unsigned long flags;
struct resource *parent, *sibling, *child;
};
Resource结构体主要是描述了设备在系统中的起止地址、名称、标志以及为了链式描述方便指向本结构体类型的指针。Resource定义的实例将被添加到platform_device结构体对象中去。
struct platform_device {
const char * name;
u32 id;
struct device dev;
u32 num_resources;
struct resource * resource;
};
Platform_device结构体包括结构体的名称、ID号、平台相关的信息、设备的数目以及上面定义的resource信息。Platform_device结构对象将被直接通过设备操作函数注册导系统中去。具体注册和注销过程在下一节介绍。
4.3. 处理器、设备4.4. 操作
(1) int platform_device_register(struct platform_device * pdev)；    注册设备
(2) void platform_device_unregister(struct platform_device * pdev)； 注销设备
(3) int platform_add_devices(struct platform_device **devs, int num)；添加设备，通过调用上面两个函数实现。
4.5. 添加Nand flash设备4.6.
下面以nand flash 设备的描述为例，具体介绍下设备的描述和注册过程。
// resource结构体实例s3c_nand_resource 对nand flash 控制器描述，包括控制器的起止地址和标志。
static struct resource s3c_nand_resource[] = {
[0] = {
.start = S3C2410_PA_NAND,
.end   = S3C2410_PA_NAND + S3C24XX_SZ_NAND - 1,
.flags = IORESOURCE_MEM,
}
};
//platform_device结构体实例s3c_device_nand定义了设备的名称、ID号并把resource对象作为其成员之一。
struct platform_device s3c_device_nand = {
.name   = "s3c2410-nand",
.id   = -1,
.num_resources   = ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_nand_resource),
.resource   = s3c_nand_resource,
};
// nand flash 的分区情况，由mtd_partition结构体定义。
static struct mtd_partition smdk_default_nand_part[] = {
[0] = {
.name = "Boot Agent",
.size = SZ_16K,
.offset = 0,
},
[1] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 1",
.offset = 0,
.size = SZ_2M,
},
[2] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 2",
.offset = SZ_4M,
.size = SZ_4M,
},
[3] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 3",
.offset = SZ_8M,
.size = SZ_2M,
},
[4] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 4",
.offset = SZ_1M * 10,
.size = SZ_4M,
},
[5] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 5",
.offset = SZ_1M * 14,
.size = SZ_1M * 10,
},
[6] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 6",
.offset = SZ_1M * 24,
.size = SZ_1M * 24,
},
[7] = {
.name = "S3C2410 flash partition 7",
.offset = SZ_1M * 48,
.size = SZ_16M,
}
};
static struct s3c2410_nand_set smdk_nand_sets[] = {
[0] = {
.name = "NAND",
.nr_chips = 1,
.nr_partitions = ARRAY_SIZE(smdk_default_nand_part),
.partitions = smdk_default_nand_part,
},
};
/* choose a set of timings which should suit most 512Mbit
* chips and beyond.
*/
static struct s3c2410_platform_nand smdk_nand_info = {
.tacls = 20,
.twrph0 = 60,
.twrph1 = 20,
.nr_sets = ARRAY_SIZE(smdk_nand_sets),
.sets = smdk_nand_sets,
};
/* devices we initialise */
// 最后将nand flash 设备加入到系统即将注册的设备集合中。
static struct platform_device __initdata *smdk_devs[] = {
&s3c_device_nand,
&smdk_led4,
&smdk_led5,
&smdk_led6,
&smdk_led7,
};
然后通过smdk_machine_init()函数，调用设备添加函数platform_add_devices(smdk_devs, ARRAY_SIZE(smdk_devs)) 完成设备的注册。具体过程参见系统初始化的相关部分。
5. 系统初始化
5.1. 系统初始化的主干线
Start_kernel() èsetup_arch() èreset_init() è kernel_thread(init …) è init() è do_basic_setup() èdriver_init() è do_initcall()
Start_kernel()函数负责初始化内核各个子系统，最后调用reset_init()，启动一个叫做init的内核线程，继续初始化。Start_kernel()函数在init/main.c中实现。
asmlinkage void __init start_kernel(void)
{
char * command_line;
extern struct kernel_param __start___param[], __stop___param[];
smp_setup_processor_id();
/*
* Need to run as early as possible, to initialize the
* lockdep hash:
*/
lockdep_init();
local_irq_disable();
early_boot_irqs_off();
early_init_irq_lock_class();
/*
* Interrupts are still disabled. Do necessary setups, then
* enable them
*/
lock_kernel();
boot_cpu_init();
page_address_init();
printk(KERN_NOTICE);
printk(linux_banner);
setup_arch(&command_line);
//setup processor and machine and destinate some pointers for do_initcalls() s
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//
for example init_machine pointer is initialized with
smdk_machine_init() , and //init_machine() is called by
customize_machine(), and the is processed by //arch_initcall(fn).
Therefore  smdk_machine_init() is issured.    by edwin
setup_per_cpu_areas();
smp_prepare_boot_cpu(); /* arch-specific boot-cpu hooks */
/*
* Set up the scheduler prior starting any interrupts (such as the
* timer interrupt). Full topology setup happens at smp_init()
* time - but meanwhile we still have a ing scheduler.
*/
sched_init();
/*
* Disable preemption - early bootup scheduling is extremely
* fragile until we cpu_idle() for the first time.
*/
preempt_disable();
build_all_zonelists();
page_alloc_init();
printk(KERN_NOTICE "Kernel command line: %s\n", saved_command_line);
parse_early_param();
parse_args("Booting kernel", command_line, __start___param,
   __stop___param - __start___param,
   &unknown_bootoption);
sort_main_extable();
unwind_init();
trap_init();
rcu_init();
init_IRQ();
pidhash_init();
init_timers();
hrtimers_init();
softirq_init();
timekeeping_init();
time_init();
profile_init();
if (!irqs_disabled())
printk("start_kernel(): bug: interrupts were enabled early\n");
early_boot_irqs_on();
local_irq_enable();
/*
* HACK ALERT! This is early. We're enabling the console before
* we've done PCI setups etc, and console_init() must be aware of
* this. But we do want output early, in case something goes wrong.
*/
console_init();
if (panic_later)
panic(panic_later, panic_param);
lockdep_info();
/*
* Need to run this when irqs are enabled, because it wants
* to self-test [hard/soft]-irqs on/off lock inversion bugs
* too:
*/
locking_selftest();
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD
if (initrd_start && !initrd_below_start_ok &&
initrd_start > 18) & 0xfffc,
.boot_params = S3C2410_SDRAM_PA + 0x100,
.map_io = smdk2410_map_io,
.init_irq = s3c24xx_init_irq,
.init_machine = smdk_machine_init,
.timer = &s3c24xx_timer,
MACHINE_END
由此可见在.arch.info.init段内存放了__desc_mach_desc_SMDK2410结构体。初始化了相应的初始化函数指针。问题又来了， 这些初始化指针函数是什么时候被调用的呢？
分析发现，不一而同。
如
s3c24xx_init_irq()函数是通过start_kernel()里的init_IRQ()函数调用init_arch_irq()实现的。
因为在MACHINE_START结构体中  .init_irq =
s3c24xx_init_irq，而在setup_arch()函数中init_arch_irq = mdesc->init_irq，
所以调用init_arch_irq()就相当于调用了s3c24xx_init_irq()。
又如smdk_machine_init()函数
的初始化。在MACHINE_START结构体中，函数指针赋值，.init_machine =
smdk_machine_init。而init_machine()函数被linux/arch/arm/kernel/setup.c文件中的
customize_machine()函数调用并被arch_initcall(Fn)宏处
理，arch_initcall(customize_machine)。
被arch_initcall(Fn)宏处理过函数将linux/init/main.c
do_initcalls()函数调用。 具体参看下边的部分。
void __init setup_arch(char **cmdline_p)
{
struct tag *tags = (struct tag *)&init_tags;
struct machine_desc *mdesc;
char *from = default_command_line;
setup_processor();
mdesc = setup_machine(machine_arch_type);//machine_arch_type =SMDK2410  by edwin
machine_name = mdesc->name;
if (mdesc->soft_reboot)
reboot_setup("s");
if (mdesc->boot_params)
tags = phys_to_virt(mdesc->boot_params);
/*
* If we have the old style parameters, convert them to
* a tag list.
*/
if (tags->hdr.tag != ATAG_CORE)
convert_to_tag_list(tags);
if (tags->hdr.tag != ATAG_CORE)
tags = (struct tag *)&init_tags;
if (mdesc->fixup)
mdesc->fixup(mdesc, tags, &from, &meminfo);
if (tags->hdr.tag == ATAG_CORE) {
if (meminfo.nr_banks != 0)
squash_mem_tags(tags);
parse_tags(tags);
}
init_mm.start_code = (unsigned long) &_text;
init_mm.end_code   = (unsigned long) &_etext;
init_mm.end_data   = (unsigned long) &_edata;
init_mm.brk    = (unsigned long) &_end;
memcpy(saved_command_line, from, COMMAND_LINE_SIZE);
  
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saved_command_line[COMMAND_LINE_SIZE-1] = '\0';
parse_cmdline(cmdline_p, from);
paging_init(&meminfo, mdesc);
request_standard_resources(&meminfo, mdesc);
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
smp_init_cpus();
#endif
cpu_init();
/*
* Set up various architecture-specific pointers
*/
init_arch_irq = mdesc->init_irq;
system_timer = mdesc->timer;
init_machine = mdesc->init_machine;
#ifdef CONFIG_VT
#if defined(CONFIG_VGA_CONSOLE)
conswitchp = &vga_con;
#elif defined(CONFIG_DUMMY_CONSOLE)
conswitchp = &dummy_con;
#endif
#endif
}
5.3. rest_init()函数分析
下面我们来分析下rest_init()函数。
Start_kernel()
函数负责初始化内核各子系统，最后调用reset_init()，启动一个叫做init的内核线程，继续初始化。在init内核线程中，将执行下列
init()函数的程序。Init()函数负责完成根文件系统的挂接、初始化设备驱动程序和启动用户空间的init进程等重要工作。
static void noinline rest_init(void)
__releases(kernel_lock)
{
kernel_thread(init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND);
numa_default_policy();
unlock_kernel();
/*
* The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
* at least one to get things moving:
*/
preempt_enable_no_resched();
schedule();
preempt_disable();
/* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
cpu_idle();
}
static int init(void * unused)
{
lock_kernel();
/*
* init can run on any cpu.
*/
set_cpus_allowed(current, CPU_MASK_ALL);
/*
* Tell the world that we're going to be the grim
* reaper of innocent orphaned children.
*
* We don't want people to have to make incorrect
* assumptions about where in the task array this
* can be found.
*/
child_reaper = current;
smp_prepare_cpus(max_cpus);
do_pre_smp_initcalls();
smp_init();
sched_init_smp();
cpuset_init_smp();
/*
* Do this before initcalls, because some drivers want to access
* firmware files.
*/
populate_rootfs();   //挂接根文件系统
do_basic_setup();   //初始化设备驱动程序
/*
* check if there is an early userspace init.  If yes, let it do all
* the work        //启动用户空间的init进程
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  */
if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
prepare_namespace();
}
/*
* Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
* we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
* initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
*/
free_initmem();
unlock_kernel();
mark_rodata_ro();
system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;
numa_default_policy();
if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) = 0) {
sys_write(fd, (char *)initrd_start,
initrd_end - initrd_start);
sys_close(fd);
free_initrd();
}
#else
printk(KERN_INFO "Unpacking initramfs...");
err = unpack_to_rootfs((char *)initrd_start,
initrd_end - initrd_start, 0);
if (err)
panic(err);
printk(" done\n");
free_initrd();
#endif
}
#endif
}
5.3.2. 初始化设备5.3.3. 驱动程序
linux/init/main.c
static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
{
/* drivers will send hotplug events */
init_workqueues();
usermodehelper_init();
driver_init();   /* 初始化驱动程序模型。调用驱动初始化函数初始化子系统。 */
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
sysctl_init();
#endif
do_initcalls();
}
linux/init/main.c
extern initcall_t __initcall_start[], __initcall_end[];
static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
initcall_t *call;
int count = preempt_count();
for (call = __initcall_start; call
               
               
               

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