Installing Software in Ubuntu [ZT]

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Installing Software in Ubuntu
The title says this is for Ubuntu Linux, but a lot of these methods are
easily adaptable to other Debian-based distributions (Debian pure,
Knoppix, Mepis, Xandros, Libranet, etc.). That said, you may have to do
some actual adapting--most distros, for example, use su, not sudo.
Here are the main ways to install software in order of ease (easiest to hardest):
1. apt-get/Synaptic/Adept
All Debian-based distros having something called apt-get
which allows you to draw from a set of online repositories (stored in
the /etc/apt/sources.list file) that house packages (i.e.,
programs/software). You can enable extra Ubuntu repositories by
following
these instructions
--extra repositories means more software available to install. The apt-get
command does several things at once--it downloads the appropriate
files, downloads all their dependencies, and installs all of them. A
single command installs the software. You don't have to download a
separate installer file or unzip or go through a wizard or reboot. For
example, if I wanted to install Thunderbird, I'd type these commands in
a terminal:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird
The
first command looks both at what I have installed and what's available
in the repositories. The second command downloads the packages needed
for Thunderbird and installs them.
Another great thing about apt-get is the ability to install
several different packages at once. For example, if I wanted to install
not only Thunderbird but Firefox, GIMP, Inkscape, Juk, and Wine, I
could type in these commands:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install mozilla-thunderbird firefox gimp inkscape juk wine
and all of those packages would download and install themselves.
On the Ubuntu forums and in many of the Wiki and other guides, you'll often see instructions to sudo apt-get install
some package or other. People will give you commands because it's
easier than describing what to click in a graphical user interface, and
you can just copy and paste the command.
However, there is a graphical version of apt-get. For Ubuntu,
it's Synaptic Package Manager. For Kubuntu, it's Adept. In both, you're
essentially doing the same thing. There's also a nice "browsing"
environment in which you can search for packages by name and/or
description. You can browse by categories of software or look at what's
installed versus what's not installed. It's a lot like an ecommerce
model of "shopping" for software, except you don't have to pay when you
"check out." The equivalent of sudo apt-get update is clicking the Reload button. The sudo apt-get install
command, however, is broken into different steps. Instead of listing a
bunch of applications you want to install, you mark each one for
installation (or removal), and then click Apply Changes or Commit Changes and then everything's downloaded and installed (or uninstalled). I've written
another guide on how to use Synaptic Package Manager (complete with screenshots)
, in case you need pictures to see what it's all about.
2. Manual installation of a .deb
While the Ubuntu repositories are quite extensive (especially if you
add extra repositories), they don't cover everything. Sometimes (for
the Opera web browser, for example), you have to install a separate
file. If you must do so, then try to get ahold of a .deb file. .deb is
the native file format for Debian-based distributions like Ubuntu. In
fact, if you actually visit the online repositories, you'll notice that
the files there are mostly stored as .deb files.
The only difference between manually installing a .deb file and
using apt-get to install a .deb file is that apt-get will resolve
dependencies for you (if one package needs another to be installed,
apt-get will install that "pre-requisite" package). If you manually
install a .deb file, you will also have to manually install its
dependencies. Don't worry, though--if you try to manually install a
.deb file and it has dependencies, you'll soon find out what those
dependencies are.
Here's what you should do.
Download the .deb file to your desktop. For this example, let's
use Opera. Now, the Opera file that's currently available for Ubuntu
has a quite ugly name:
opera_8.50-20050916.6-shared-qt_en_etch_i386.deb. There are several
ways to deal with this ugly name, seeing as how you have to type in the
exact name of the .deb file in order to install it. You can rename it
to something simpler (say, opera.deb),
you can copy and paste the name, or you can just suck it up and retype
it exactly as is. Let's assume, though, that you're going to do it the
ugly way. You'd open up a terminal and type these commands:
cd Desktop
sudo dpkg -i opera_8.50-20050916.6-shared-qt_en_etch_i386.deb
That's it... well, as long as there are no dependencies.
3. Manual installation of a .rpm
Occasionally, for a program,
you're just not able to find a .deb. There may seem to be, however, a
plethora of .rpm files for the program. If you must use an .rpm (not
native to Debian-based distros), then use an .rpm. It's a very similar
procedure to the .deb one described above, just using a different
command (one that converts the "alien" format of .rpm):
One-time deal, just to get alien:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install alien
Now you can actually use alien:
cd Desktop
sudo alien -i opera-8.50-20050916.5-shared-qt.i386-en.rpm
Again, no dependencies will be resolved.
4. Installing from source
Some people prefer to install from
source, but I listed it last because it's what usually scares people
off from Linux and makes them think "Why is it so difficult to install
software in Linux?" However, it's still an option, and unfortunately
it's sometimes the only option, depending on how obscure the software
is you're trying to install.
The first thing you'll have to do in Ubuntu is install a meta-package called build-essential
(a meta-package isn't a real package--it's a pointer that tells
Synaptic/Adept/apt-get to install a bunch of other real packages):
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install build-essential
I can't think of a program off the top of my head that I
ever needed to install from source, so I'm just going to make something
up--let's call it obscure-1.0. Most likely, it'll come as zipped file
called obscure-1.0.tar.gz. Download this to your desktop. Then type this in a terminal:
tar -xvzf obscure-1.0.tar.gz
cd obscure-1.0
./configure
make
sudo make install
Installing from source, like the previous two methods, also does not
resolve dependencies--you'll have to install those separately. The ./configure
command may indeed tell you what dependencies you need but in a rather
peculiar way; for example, it will often return with, say, a rather
cryptic "gtk not found," in spite of the fact that the user has gtk
installed! In fact, what is actually missing is the gtk development
files, libgtkx.y-dev. In general, when it says "can't find library
blah" and libary blah is already installed, it usually means that it
can't find the blah development files, which can almost invariably be
found and installed by searching synaptic for "blah dev."
*
Note: in both Ubuntu and Kubuntu, you can "un-tar" (or unzip) a
.tar.gz graphically. I've never had to use the tar terminal command. To
un-tar a .tar.gz graphically, just open it (double-click usually does
this), then click on Extract.
Those are the major ways to install software in Ubuntu. You may find on
the Ubuntu forums
, however, some great self-installer scripts and other helper programs.
*Most of this paragraph was contributed by GeneralZod from the Ubuntu Forums--thanks, GeneralZod!
Original link:
http://www.psychocats.net/ubuntu/installingsoftware
               
               
               

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