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sk_buff 剖析
基于内核版本2.6.37
本文主要剖析:sk_buff结构体、sk_buff操作函数、各协议层对其处理
主要源文件:linux-2.6.37/ include/ linux/ skbuff.h
linux-2.6.37/ include/ linux/ skbuff.c
==================================================================================================
一些相关数据结构
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01.在include/linux/ktime.h中,
- 02.union ktime {
- 03. s64 tv64 ;
- 04.#if BITS_PER_LONG != 64 && !defined(CONFIG_KTIME_SCALAR)
- 05. struct {
- 06.# ifdef __BIG_ENDIAN
- 07. s32 sec , nsec ;
- 08.#else
- 09. s32 nsec , sec ;
- 10.#endif
- 11. } tv ;
- 12.#endif
- 13.} ;
- 14.
- 15.typedef union ktime ktime_t ;
- 16.
- 17. struct sk_buff_head {
- 18. /* These two members must be first. */
- 19. struct sk_buff *next;
- 20. struct sk_buff *prev;
- 21. __u32 qlen;
- 22. spinlock_t lock;
- 23.};
- 24.
- 25./* 关于sk_buff_data_t */
- 26.# if BITS_PER_LONG > 32
- 27.# define NET_SKBUFF_DATA_USES_OFFSET 1
- 28.# endif
- 29.
- 30.# ifdef NET_SKBUFF_DATA_USES_OFFSET
- 31.typedef unsigned int sk_buff_data_t ;
- 32.# else
- 33.typedef unsigned char *sk_buff_data_t ;
- 34.#endif
-
复制代码 ==================================================================================================
sk_buff结构体
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./* struct sk_buff - socket buffer */
- 02.struct sk_buff {
- 03. /* These two members must be first */
- 04. struct sk_buff *next ; /* Next buffer in list */
- 05. struct sk_buff *prev ; /* Previous buffer in list */
- 06.
- 07. ktime_t tstamp ; /* Time we arrived,记录接收或发送报文的时间戳*/
- 08.
- 09. struct sock *sk ; /* Socket we are owned by */
- 10.
- 11. /* Device we arrived on / are leaving by
- 12. * 通过该设备接收或发送,记录网络接口的信息和完成操作
- 13. */
- 14. struct net_device *dev ;
- 15.
- 16. /* This is the control buffer. It is free to use for every
- 17. * layer. Please put your private variables there.
- 18. */
- 19. char cb[48] __aligned (8) ;
- 20. ...
- 21. /* data_len为分页数据所包含的全部报文长度
- 22. * len为某时刻的报文总长度
- 23. * 那么,线性数据的长度为:skb->len - skb->data_len
- 24. */
- 25. unsigned int len , data_len ;
- 26.
- 27. /* 保存了下一个协议层的信息,在处理报文时由当前协议层设置 */
- 28. __be16 protocol ;
- 29. ...
- 30. /* head指向线性数据区的开始
- 31. * data指向驻留线性数据区中数据的起始位置
- 32. */
- 33. unsigned char *head , *data ;
- 34. ...
- 35. /* 协议头表示 */
- 36. sk_buff_data_t transport_header ; /* 传输层协议头 */
- 37. sk_buff_data_t network_header ; /* 网络层协议头 */
- 38. sk_buff_data_t mac_header ; /* 链路层协议头 */
- 39.
- 40. sk_buff_data_t tail ; /* 指向驻留在线性数据区的最后一字节数据*/
- 41. sk_buff_data_end ; /* 指向线性数据区的结尾,确保不超出可用存储缓冲区 */
- 42. atomic_t users ; /* 引用该sk_buff的数量*/
- 43.
- 44. /* 该缓冲区所分配的总内存,包括sk_buff结构大小 + 数据块大小 (应该不包括分页大小?)*/
- 45. unsigned int truesize ;
- 46.}
- 47.
- 48./* This data is invariant across clones and lives at
- 49. * the end of the header data, ie. at skb->end.
- 50. */
- 51.struct skb_shared_info {
- 52. /* number of fragments belonged to this sk_buff
- 53. * 此sk_buff分页段的数目,它表示frags[]数组的元素数量,该数组包含sk_buff的分页数据
- 54. */
- 55. unsigned short nr_frags;
- 56.
- 57. ...
- 58.
- 59. /* 指向其分段列表,此sk_buff的总长度为frag_list链表中每个分段长度(skb->len)的和,
- 60. * 再加上原始的sk_buff的长度
- 61. * 通过此域可进行报文分段!!
- 62. */
- 63. struct sk_buff *frag_list ;
- 64.
- 65. /*
- 66. * Warning : all fields before dataref are cleared in __alloc_skb()
- 67. * 此sk_buff被引用的次数
- 68. */
- 69. atomic_t dataref ;
- 70.
- 71. /*
- 72. * must be last field
- 73. * 分段的数组,包含sk_buff的分页数据
- 74. */
- 75. skb_frag_t frags[MAX_SKB_FRAGS] ;
- 76.}
- 77.
- 78./* To allow 64K frame to be packed as single skb without frag_list
- 79. * 允许小于64K的数据不用分段,即不适用frag_list
- 80. */
- 81.#define MAX_SKB_FRAGS (65536 / PAGE_SIZE + 2 )
- 82.
- 83.typedef struct skb_frag_struct skb_frag_t ;
- 84.struct skb_frag_struct {
- 85. struct page *page ; /* 该页的虚拟地可用page_address()得到*/
- 86.
- 87.#if (BITS_PER_LONG > 32) || (PAGE_SIZE >= 65536)
- 88. __u32 page_offset ;
- 89. __u32 size;
- 90.#else
- 91. __u16 page_offset ;
- 92. __u16 size ;
- 93.#endif
- 94.};
-
复制代码 注意:分段和分页是两个不同的概念。
分页,即使用非线性数据区,非线性区的含义是包含在sk_buff中的数据长度超过了线性数据区
所能容纳的界限(一般为一页)。包含在非线性数据区中的数据是sk_buff结构中end域所指数据
的连续,全部数据的总长度包含在线性和非线性数据区中。
sk_buff数据的总长度存储在len域,非线性数据的长度存储在sk_buff的data_len域。
分页的实现:
在skb_shared_info中,skb_frag_t frags[MAX_SKB_FRAGS]
通过分页,使得一个sk_buff最多能存:64K的数据(非线性区)+ 一页数据(线性区)。
当DMA支持物理分散页的分散-聚集操作时,才有可能存在分页数据区。如果支持,就为线性数据区
分配一页的数据,其他数据则保存在分页数据区中,随后数据的每个sk_buff分段都会分配一页的数据。
如果不支持,就尝试在线性数据区为整个sk_buff数据分配连续的物理内存。
分段,主要指IP分段的实现。当一个数据报过大时,需要分为多个。即一个sk_buff分为多个
sk_buff,这些sk_buff形成一个链表。
分段的实现:
在skb_shared_info中,struct sk_buff *frag_list
通过frag_list可以遍历分段列表。
======================================================================================================
sk_buff的操作
1. alloc_skb
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01.static inline struct sk_buff *alloc_skb( unsigned int size ,
- 02. gfp_t priority)
- 03.{
- 04. return __alloc_skb(size , priority , 0 , NUMA_NO_NONE) ;
- 05.}
-
复制代码 size是数据包的大小。
The returned buffer has no headroom and a tail room of size bytes.
2. skb_reserve
用来为协议头预留空间。拓展head room。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./**
- 02. * skb_reserve - ajust headroom
- 03. * @skb : buffer to alter
- 04. * @len : bytes to move
- 05. *
- 06. * Increase the headroom of an empty &sk_buff by reducing the tail
- 07. * room. This is only allowed for an empty buffer.
- 08. */
- 09.
- 10.static inline void skb_reserve( struct sk_buff *skb , int len )
- 11.{
- 12. skb->data += len ;
- 13. skb->tail += len ;
- 14.}
-
复制代码 此时,head room 大小为len,data room 大小0,tail room大小为原长 - len。
当构造一个报文时,要为协议头预留最大可能的空间。
如,MAX_TCP_HEADER = MAX_TCP_HEADER + MAX_IP_HEADER + LL_MAX_HEADER
3. skb_put
用来拓展data room。当要向data room增加数据时,先增加data room的可使用空间。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./**
- 02. * skb_put - add data to a buffer
- 03. * @skb : buffer to use
- 04. * @len : amount of data to add
- 05. *
- 06. * This function extends the used data area of the buffer. If this would
- 07. * exceed the total buffer size the kernel will panic. A pointer to the
- 08. * first byte of the extra data is returned.
- 09. */
- 10.
- 11.unsigned char *skb_put( struct sk_buff *skb , unsigned int len )
- 12.{
- 13. unsigned char *tmp = skb_tail_pointer(skb) ;
- 14. /* 如果存在非线性区,即data_len > 0 ,则报bug */
- 15. SKB_LINEAR_ASSERT(skb) ;
- 16. skb->tail += len ;
- 17. skb->len += len ;
- 18. if (unlikely(skb->tail > skb->end ))
- 19. skb_over_panic(skb , len , __builtin_return_address(0)) ;
- 20. return tmp ;
- 21.}
-
复制代码 4. skb_push
用来拓展data room。和skb_put不同的是,它不是向tail room扩展,而是向head room扩展。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./**
- 02. * skb_push - add data to the start of a buffer
- 03. * @skb : buffer to use
- 04. * @len : amount of data to add
- 05. *
- 06. * This function extends the used data area of the buffer at the buffer
- 07. * start. If this would exceed the total buffer headroom the kernel will
- 08. * panic. A pointer to the first byte of the extra data is returned.
- 09. */
- 10.
- 11.unsigned char *skb_push( struct sk_buff *skb , unsigned int len )
- 12.{
- 13. skb->data -= len ;
- 14. skb->len += len ;
- 15. if ( unlikely(skb->data < skb->head ) )
- 16. skb_under_panic(skb , len , __builtin_return_address(0)) ;
- 17. return skb->data ;
- 18.}
复制代码 注意:
发送报文一般要调用alloc_skb、skb_reserve、skb_put、skb_push。
发送报文时,在不同协议层处理数据时,该数据要添加相应的协议头。
因此,最高层添加数据和自身的协议头。alloc_skb用来申请一个sk_buff。
skb_reserve用来创建头空间。skb_put用来创建用户数据空间,用户数据复制到sk->data
指向的数据区。接下来是在用户数据的前面加上协议头,使用skb_push。
5. skb_pull
在报文到达时访问协议头,接收报文时调用。使head room向data room扩展。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./**
- 02. * skb_pull - remove data from the start of a buffer
- 03. * @skb : buffer to use
- 04. * @len : amount of data to remove
- 05. *
- 06. * This function removes data from the start of a buffer, returning the memory to
- 07. * the headroom. A pointer to the next data in the buffer is returned. Once the
- 08. * data has been pulled future pushes will overwrite the old data.
- 09. */
- 10.
- 11.unsigned char *skb_pull( struct sk_buff *skb , unsigned int len )
- 12.{
- 13. return skb_pull_inline(skb , len ) ;
- 14.}
- 15.
- 16.static inline unsigned char *skb_pull_inline(struct sk_buff *skb , unsigned int len)
- 17.{
- 18. return unlikely(len > skb->len ) ? NULL : __skb_pull(skb , len) ;
- 19.}
- 20.
- 21.static inline unsigned char *__skb_pull(struct sk_buff *skb , unsigned int len)
- 22.{
- 23. skb->len -= len ;
- 24. BUG_ON(skb->len < skb->data_len ) ;
- 25. return skb->data += len ;
- 26.}
复制代码 ====================================================================================================
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01.# ifdef NET_SKBUFF_DATA_USES_OFFSET
- 02.static inline unsigned char *skb_transport_header(const struct sk_buff skb)
- 03.{
- 04. return skb->head + skb->transport_header ;
- 05.}
- 06.
- 07.static inline void skb_reset_transport_header(struct sk_buff *skb)
- 08.{
- 09. skb->transport_header = skb->data - skb->head ;
- 10.}
- 11.# else
- 12.
- 13.static inline unsigned char *skb_transport_header(const struct sk_buff skb)
- 14.{
- 15. return skb->transport_header ;
- 16.}
- 17.
- 18.static inline void skb_reset_transport_header(struct sk_buff *skb)
- 19.{
- 20. skb->transport_header = skb->data ;
- 21.}
- 22.
- 23.static inline struct tcphdr *tcp_hdr(const struct sk_buff *skb)
- 24.{
- 25. return (struct tcphdr *) skb_transport_header(skb) ;
- 26.}
-
复制代码 sk_buff中tcp协议头的表示:
sk_buff_data_t transport_header ;
用函数tcp_hdr(skb)来获取。
当tcp协议头地址有变化时,用skb_reset_transport_header(skb)来更新transport_header。
===============================================================================================
向下遍历协议层(即发送数据包)时,构建协议头
1. 添加TCP头
TCP调用tcp_transmit_skb()来为TCP数据段构建一个TCP头。
首先计算TCP头的长度,要考虑当前TCP连接所使用的选项。一旦完成该操作,就需要调用
skb_push()来为TCP头分配空间。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./* This routine actually transmit TCP packets queued in by tcp_do_sendmsg().
- 02. * This is used by both the initial transmission and possible later retransmissions.
- 03. * All SKB's seen here are completely headerless. It is our job to build the TCP
- 04. * header, and pass the packet down to IP so it can do the same plus pass the
- 05. * packet off to the device.
- 06. *
- 07. * We are working here with either a clone of the original SKB, or a fresh unique
- 08. * copy made by the retransmit engine.
- 09. */
- 10.
- 11.static int tcp_transmit_skb(struct sock *sk , struct sk_buff *skb , int clone_it ,
- 12. gfp_t gfp_mask)
- 13.{
- 14. ...
- 15. struct inet_sock *inet = inet_sk(sk) ;
- 16. unsigned tcp_option_size, tcp_header_size ;
- 17. struct tcphdr *th ;
- 18. ...
- 19. tcp_header_size = tcp_option_size + sizeof(struct tcphdr) ;
- 20. ...
- 21. skb_push(skb , tcp_header_size) ;
- 22. skb_reset_transport_header(skb) ;
- 23. ...
- 24. /* Build TCP header and checksum it. */
- 25. th = tcp_hdr(skb) ;
- 26. th->source = inet->inet_sport ;
- 27. th->dest = inet->inet_dport ;
- 28. ...
- 29.}
-
复制代码 2. 添加IP头
ip_build_and_send_pkt()构造报文的IP头,并发送给链路层。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./*
- 02. * Add an ip header to a sk_buff and sent it out.
- 03. */
- 04.int ip_build_and_sent_pkt(struct sk_buff *skb , struct sock *sk ,
- 05. __be32 saddr , __be32 daddr , struct ip_options *opt)
- 06.{
- 07. struct inet_sock *inet = inet_sk(sk) ;
- 08. ...
- 09. struct iphdr *iph ;
- 10. /* Build the IP header. */
- 11. skb_push(skb , sizeof(struct iphdr) + (opt ? opt->optlen : 0) ) ;
- 12. skb_reset_network_header(skb) ;
- 13. iph = ip_hdr(skb) ;
- 14. iph->version = 4 ;
- 15. iph->ihl = 5 ;
- 16. iph->tos = inet->tos ;
- 17. ...
- 18.}
复制代码 3. 添加链路层头
eth_header构造以太网帧协议头。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01.#define ETH_HLEN 14
- 02./**
- 03. * eth_header - create the Ethernet header
- 04. * @skb : buffer to alter
- 05. * @dev : source device
- 06. * @type : Ethernet type field
- 07. * @daddr : destination address
- 08. * @saddr : source address
- 09. * @len : packet length (<= skb->len)
- 10. *
- 11. * Set the protocal type. For a packet of type ETH_P_802_3/2 we put
- 12. * the length in here instead.
- 13. */
- 14.int eth_header(struct sk_buff *skb , struct net_device *dev ,
- 15. unsigned short type , const void *daddr , const void *saddr,
- 16. unsigned len)
- 17.{
- 18. struct ethhdr *eth = (struct ethhdr *) skb_push(skb , ETH_HLEN) ;
- 19. ...
- 20.}
-
复制代码 =======================================================================================================
向上遍历协议层(接收数据包)时,解析协议头
1. 解析以太网头
当新报文到达时,要为新报文分配一个新的sk_buff,其大小等于报文的长度。sk_buff
的data域指向报文的起始位置(以太网头)。使用skb_pull来提取不同的协议层头。
该例程在sk_buff到IP backlog队列排队之前完成。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./**
- 02. * eth_type_trans - determine the packet's protocol ID.
- 03. * @skb : received socket data
- 04. * @dev : receiving network device
- 05. *
- 06. * The rule here is that we
- 07. * assume 802.3 if the type field is short enough to be a length.
- 08. * This is normal practice and works for any 'now in use' protocol.
- 09. */
- 10.__be16 eth_type_trans(struct sk_buff *skb , struct net_device *dev )
- 11.{
- 12. struct ethhdr *eth ;
- 13. skb->dev = dev ;
- 14. skb_reset_mac_header(skb) ; /* 更新mac_header */
- 15. skb_pull_inline(skb , ETH_HLEN) ; /* 此后data指向IP头 */
- 16. eth = eth_hdr(skb) ;
- 17. ...
- 18.}
-
复制代码 2. 解析IP头
现在sk_buff处于IP backlog队列中,由netif_receive_skb()负责处理,该函数将sk_buff
从backlog队列中取出。
netif_receive_skb() 接收数据包得主要处理函数。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01./**
- 02. * netif_receive_skb - process receive buffer from network
- 03. * @skb : buffer to process
- 04. * netif_receive_skb() is the main receive data processing function.
- 05. * It always succeeds. The buffer may be dropped during processing
- 06. * for congestion control or by the protocol layers.
- 07. *
- 08. * This function may only be called from softirq context and interrupts
- 09. * should be enabled.
- 10. *
- 11. * Return values (usually ignored) :
- 12. * NET_RX_SUCCESS : no congestion
- 13. * NET_RX_DROP : packet was dropped
- 14. */
- 15.
- 16.int netif_receive_skb(struct sk_buff *skb)
复制代码 3. 解析tcp头
网络层处理完报文,在将data指针指向传输层起始位置,并更新transport_header后,
将报文递给传输层,这些工作有ip_local_deliver_finish()来完成。
view plaincopy to clipboard- 01.static int ip_local_deliver_finish(struct sk_buff *skb)
- 02.{
- 03. ...
- 04. __skb_pull(skb , ip_hdrlen(skb)) ;
- 05. skb_reset_transport_header(skb) ;
- 06. ...
- 07.}
- 08.
- 09.static inline unsigned int ip_hdrlen(const struct sk_buff *skb)
- 10.{
- 11. return ip_hdr(skb)->ihl * 4 ;
- 12.}
-
-
复制代码 传输层调用tcp_v4_do_rcv()处理传输层头报文。如果连接已建立,并且TCP报文中有数据,
就调用skb_copy_datagram_iovec()将从skb->data偏移tcp_header_len开始的数据复制给
用户应用程序。如果由于某些原因不能复制数据给用户应用程序,就将sk_buff的data指针
向前移动tcp_header_len,再将其发往套接字的接受队列排队。
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