Start Developing iOS Apps Today 从今天开始学习开发iOS应用

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Creating iOS apps is fun and rewarding, and if you're a new developer you might be wondering where to begin. This road map provides the perfect starting point for iOS app development. On your Mac computer, you can create iOS apps that run on iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch. Follow this road map to learn where to get the tools you need, understand the major concepts and best practices, and see where to find more information.

As you proceed through the road map, you will use Xcode and the iOS SDK, Apple’s tools for app development. You will learn the basics of programming with Objective-C, the language that powers all iOS apps and frameworks, and will explore the Cocoa Touch frameworks. You will create a simple iOS app and learn how to test it on a device. Finally, you will learn how to submit an app to the App Store.

制作iOS应用是件既有趣又有益的事情，如果你是一位开发新手，你可能会想知道该从哪入手。这里的流程图给出了极好的切入点，便于你了解iOS应用的开发过程。在你的Mac电脑上，你可以构建iOS应用，并在iPad、iPhone或者iPod touch上运行它们。根据这一流程图，学习你所需要的工具，理解主要概念和最佳做法，并知道从哪里能找到更多的相关知识。

随着流程图开始你的学习，你将学习使用Xcode以及iOS SDK，它们是苹果用来开发应用的工具。你将会学习Objective-C编程语言的基础知识，所有的iOS应用以及框架都得益于这一语言的强力驱动，你将会探究Cocoa Touch的框架。你将会构建一个简单的iOS应用并学着怎样在设备上对其进行测试。最后，你将会学到如何提交应用到App Store。



Each page in the road map introduces a new topic and links to one or more short articles about that topic. The road map provides you with a breadth of knowledge to get you started, and the last page, Where to Go from Here, includes links to documents you should read next. After you finish the road map, you will be prepared to delve deeper into any individual topic. You'll have the knowledge, tools, and skills to start developing iOS apps!

该流程图的每一页都会介绍一个新的主题，并会链接一个或者多个关于该主题的短文。这个流程图提供你如何开始学习的宏观知识，最后一页"下面该做些什么"里涵盖了一些文档的链接，你应该继续阅读。在你完成了流程图之后，你就可以深入研究任何独立的主题了。你将具备开发iOS应用的知识、工具及技能。

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Installing Tools 安装工具

When you develop apps, you use the iOS software development kit (SDK) and Xcode, Apple’s integrated development environment (IDE). Xcode provides everything you need to create great apps for iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad. It includes a source editor, a graphical user interface editor, and many other features—from customizable builds to source repository management. Xcode employs a single window, called the workspace window, that holds most of the data you need. With Xcode, you smoothly transition from writing code, to debugging, to designing your user interface, all within the same window. The iOS SDK extends the Xcode toolset to include the tools, compilers, and frameworks you need specifically for iOS.

当你要开发应用时，会用到iOS 软件开发套件（SDK）以及Xcode，这些是苹果的集成开发环境（IDE）。Xcode能够提供给你任何需要的东西，来构建iPhone、iPod touch以及iPad上的优秀应用。Xcode包括源码编辑器，图形用户界面编辑器，以及许多其他的功能——从可自定义的编译到源码分布式的管理。Xcode 使用一个单一的窗口，称为workspace窗口，它承载了大部分你所需要的数据。通过使用Xcode，你可以很流畅地在编写代码，debug，设计你的用户界面这三个状态中自由切换，所有工作都在相同的窗口中进行。iOS SDK扩展了Xcode的工具配置，包括相关工具、编译器以及特别针对iOS的必要框架等。

To get started, you need to:

• Download the latest version of Xcode.

  Open the Mac App Store app on your Mac, search for Xcode, and click Free to download Xcode. When you download Xcode, the iOS SDK is included. (The Mac App Store app is installed with Mac OS X version 10.7 and later. If you have an earlier version of Mac OS X, you need to upgrade.)

• Enroll as an Apple Developer in the iOS Developer Program.

  You do not need to enroll in the program to write apps and test them in Simulator. You do need to enroll, however, to test apps on devices and to distribute apps. Enrollment gives you full access to the iOS Dev Center and the iOS Provisioning Portal. If you enroll now, you will be able to follow all of the steps in the road map, including testing your app on a device.

  
  

开始学习时，你需要：

• 下载最新版本的Xcode。

  请打开Mac上的Mac App Store，搜索Xcode，之后点击Free来下载Xcode。当你下载Xcode时，它里面已经包含了iOS SDK。（Mac App Store默认安装在Mac OS X 10.7版及以上，如果你使用的是较早的版本，请升级系统。）

• 在iOS 开发者计划中注册成为苹果开发者。

  如果你是在模拟器上测试你写的应用，则不需要注册该计划。然而你想要在设备上测试并分销应用，那么你必须注册。注册后，你可以无限制地访问iOS 开发者中心以及iOS Provisioning Portal。如果你现在就注册，那么你就可以完全地按照流程图所示的步骤来进行学习，包括在设备上测试你的应用。

  
  

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Jump Right In 立刻开始

To make a great iOS app, you need to learn many things, but the tools and the iOS SDK make it easy to get an app up and running. The tutorial Your First iOS App introduces the tools, the fundamental design patterns, and the application development process. As you follow the tutorial, you create a simple app that accepts a user’s text input and prints it on the screen. You also learn how to run your app in Simulator on your Mac. The simple steps in the tutorial introduce elegant, useful concepts that you use over and over again in app development.

你需要学习许多东西才能开发出一款优秀的iOS应用。但是开发工具以及iOS SDK可以很让你容易就制作出一款应用并运行起来。关于《制作你的第一款iOS应用》教程，介绍了相关工具，基本的设计模式，以及应用开发的过程。按照教程，你将构建一款简单的应用，它能够接受用户的文本输入，并把文字显示在屏幕上。你也将学到如何在Mac模拟器中运行你的应用。教程里的简单步骤展示了优雅实用的概念，你将会在今后的应用开发中不断运用到它们。



Your First iOS App is the longest article in the road map, but don’t rush through it. It lays the foundation for the concepts that you will learn more about later. Each of the other articles expands on one of those concepts.

《制作你的第一款iOS应用》是流程图里最长的一篇文章，但请不要略览过去。这篇文章讲得很基础，你后续将学到更多其中的概念。其他的每篇文章，都是此文中某一概念的延伸。

Follow This Tutorial Now: Your First iOS App shows how to create a simple app as you orient yourself to the iOS development environment. After you finish the tutorial, return to this page and continue your path through the Start Developing iOS Apps Today road map.
现在请阅读：《制作你的第一款iOS应用》展示了如何构建一款简单的应用，使你适应iOS的开发环境。在你完成这篇教程后，请返回本页，并继续按照"从今天开始学习开发iOS应用"的流程图完成接下来的学习。

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Tools 工具

Xcode provides tools to manage your entire development workflow—from creating your app to testing, optimizing, and shipping your app to the App Store. Your First iOS App showed you how to create a new project, add user interface elements, and edit your source code. After you create your app, use Xcode to test and debug your source code, analyze and improve your app’s performance, perform source control operations, archive and submit your app to the App Store, and more.

Xcode 提供了一套可以管理整个开发流程的工具——从构建应用到测试，优化，以及将应用发布到App Store上。《制作你的第一款iOS应用》已经展示了如何创建新的项目，添加用户界面元素，以及编辑源代码。在应用创建完成后，使用Xcode来测试以及debug你的源码，分析并改进应用的表现，执行源码控制操作，归档并提交你的应用到App Store等等。

Read This Article Now: Manage Your Workflow in Xcode shows you additional Xcode features for iOS app development.

通过自定义来适应你的工作风格，Xcode能够使开发任务尽在你的掌控之中。 现在请阅读：《在Xcode中管理你的工作流程》展示了Xcode为iOS 应用开发的附加功能。

Customizable to suit your style of working, Xcode keeps you focused on the development task at hand.

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Language 语言

Objective-C is an elegant object-oriented language that powers all iOS apps. Objective-C is a superset of C, which means you can write both C and Objective-C code in your projects. Although you can use other languages for development, you can’t build an iOS app without Objective-C.

Objective-C 是一种十分优雅的面向对象的编程语言，所有的iOS应用都由它来驱动。Objective-C是C语言的超集，这意味你可以在项目中同时使用C和Objective-C代码。尽管你可以使用其他编程语言来开发，但如果不使用Objective-C，是无法构建出一款iOS应用的。



Objective-C is a simple language with syntax and conventions that are easy to learn—especially if you have experience with other object-oriented languages such as Java and C++. If you’re a C programmer, you’ll find that when you are familiar with object-oriented programming and Objective-C, your apps are easier to design and modify.

Objective-C是一种语法和规范都很简单的语言，非常容易学会——特别是在你有其他面向对象的语言经验时，比如Java和C++。如果你是一名C程序员，只要你熟悉了面向对象的编程思想以及Objective-C，就会发现不管是设计还是修改应用都非常简单。

Read This Article Now: Write Objective-C Code teaches you the basic syntax of Objective-C, including class declarations, methods, messaging, and declared properties.

现在请阅读：《编写Objective-C代码》教你Objective-C的基本语法，包括类声明，方法，消息机制以及声明属性等。

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Basic Tasks 基础工作

Just as an artist must know how to use a paintbrush and a musician must be familiar with scales and chords, a programmer must know how to do some basic tasks in code.

就像画家懂得如何使用画笔，音乐家一定熟悉音阶与和弦，作为程序员，你必须要知道如何在代码里做一些基础的工作。



To create an iOS app, you need to know how to create objects, compare objects, query objects for information about them, and access objects in collections such as arrays. These tasks are common in iOS apps. After you acquire these skills, you are ready to take on more complicated Objective-C code.

要创建一个iOS 应用，你需知道如何创建对象，比较对象，查询关于对象的信息，在集合比如数组中比访问到对象。这些工作在iOS的应用里很常见。在你掌握这些技能之后，就可以准备研究一些更加复杂的Objective-C代码了。

Read This Article Now: Acquire Basic Programming Skills describes the basic tasks in Objective-C programming.

现在请阅读：《掌握基础的编程技巧》描述了Objective-C编程中的基础工作。

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Frameworks 框架

An app consists of code that you write and frameworks provided by Apple. A framework contains a library of methods that your app can call. More than one app can access a framework library at the same time.

一款应用是由你写的代码和苹果提供的框架供同构成的。一个框架包含一些方法库，你的应用可以调用它们。许多应用可以同时访问一个框架库。



Any app that you develop links to multiple frameworks. You can take advantage of a framework through its application programming interface (API). The API, published in header files, specifies the available objects, classes, data structures, and protocols. Apple writes frameworks that anticipate the basic features you might want to implement. You should use frameworks both to save time and effort and to make sure that your code is efficient and secure. The system frameworks are the only way to access the underlying hardware.

你开发的任何应用都会链接多种框架。你可以通过应用编程接入口（API）利用其中的框架。明示在头文件中的API接口详细说明了可用的对象，类，数据结构体以及协议。苹果写的框架提前代你完成了想要的基本功能。你应该使用框架来节省时间和工作量，同时也能确保你的代码是有效率并且安全的。系统框架是唯一能访问低层硬件的方法。
Read These Articles Now:

• Survey the Major Frameworks describes the frameworks that are most commonly used in app development.
• Integrate Your Code with the Frameworks describes the kinds of methods found in Objective-C frameworks and explains how you can integrate your app's code with a framework's code.
  

现在请阅读： ＊        《主要框架纵览》描述了你在应用开发过程中最常用到的一些框架。 ＊        《在代码中集成框架》描述了Objective-C框架中的方法，并阐释如何在你的应用代码中集成进框架的代码。

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Design Patterns 设计模式

A design pattern provides a solution to a common software engineering problem. Patterns are abstract designs, not code. When you adopt a design, you adapt the general pattern to your specific needs.

设计模式是解决常见软件工程问题的方法。模式是抽象的设计，而不是代码。当你采用一种设计时，通过改动通用的模式来适应特殊的需求。



No matter what type of app you are creating, you should know the fundamental design patterns used in the frameworks. Understanding design patterns helps you use frameworks more effectively and allows you to write programs that are more reusable, more extensible, and easier to change.

无论你做何种类型的应用，你都应该了解框架中所运用的基本设计模式。理解设计模式能帮助你更有效地运用框架，让你编写的程序可以反复利用，更具有可扩展性，更易于修改。

Read This Article Now: Streamline Your App with Design Patterns describes the key design patterns and explains how these are used in app development.

现在请阅读：《利用设计模式优化你的应用》描述了关键性的设计模式，并阐释了这些模式是如何运用在应用开发过程中的。

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用户界面设计 Human Interface Design

It's not enough to create an app that works. Users expect iOS apps to be intuitive, interactive, and engaging. Think about the user experience as you design every aspect of your app, from the features you choose, to the way your app responds to a gesture.

仅做出一个可用的应用还不够。用户希望iOS应用是可以凭直觉就会使用的，可交互的，同时也能让人沉醉其中的。当你在设计你的应用中的每一个细节时，请考虑到用户的体验，从你要选择的功能，到应用响应某种手势的方式，都要慎重考虑到用户的体验。



Although people might not be aware of human interface design principles, they can tell when apps follow the guidelines and when they don't. Follow the principles and conventions spelled out in iOS Human Interface Guidelines to design a superlative user interface and user experience for your product.

尽管人们或许不会注意到用户界面的设计规范，但他们还是能够分辨出哪些应用遵循了指导方针，哪些没有。请按照《iOS用户界面指导方针》的规范与约定来为你的产品设计出最好的用户界面以及用户体验。

Read This Article Now: Design with the User in Mind explains how to create an app that delivers a great user experience. This document introduces the guidelines to follow when programming; it does not describe how to implement your designs in code.

现在请阅读：《站在用户的角度来设计》阐述了如何制作具有良好用户体验的应用。这篇文档介绍了编程时所需的指导方针；但不涉及如何在代码里完成你的设计。

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App Design 应用设计

Before you begin writing a line of code, you should make some critical design decisions. Be as specific as possible about your app’s purpose and features. Choose the kind of data model your app will use. Decide on a user interface style for your app; for example, should it follow a master-detail pattern or that of a utility app? Do you want your app to be universal—that is, an app that runs on iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch? These and other design decisions help you to construct the architecture of your app.

在开始写第一行代码前，你应当做一些关键性的设计决策。请尽可能把应用需要的功能以及目的具体化。选择应用将会使用到的数据模型。为应用决定一种用户界面风格；例如，应用是主细表式的模式，还是一款实用类的应用？你是否想做一款通用型的应用——在iPad，iPhone以及iPod touch上均可运行的应用？这些设计决策可以帮助你构造出应用的大致架构。



But before you work on that architecture, become familiar with the Cocoa Touch frameworks. After all, your app doesn't exist on its own—it depends on the objects you can create with these frameworks. Get to know the framework objects that implement the basic structure of an app, that serve as the building blocks of your data model, and that compose the unique experience your app presents to users.

但在根据架构进行开发前，请务必熟悉Cocoa Touch框架。毕竟，你的应用并不会凭空出现——它需要你通过这些框架构建出来。掌握框架对象，它们既是一款应用的基础构造，也是数据模型的组成部分，同时也向用户传递出了应用的独特体验。

Read These Articles Now:

• Design Your App with Care presents some of the initial design questions you need to ask yourself. It also helps you figure out how to put your design decisions into action.

• Know the Core Objects of Your App describes the important framework objects that are a part of all iOS apps and how these objects work together.

  
  

现在请阅读： ＊        《用心设计你的应用》呈现了一些初始的设计问题，你需要先问一下自己。这些问题同样能帮助你明白如何把设计决策融入到行动中去。 ＊        《明确你的应用中的核心对象》描述了所有iOS应用中的重要框架对象，并说明了它们是如何联系在一起工作的。